CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDYThe media of mass communication has two important broad sub – divisions, the electronic and the print media The print media involves mainly the magazine and newspapers These are regional and national informers which provides retrievable, researched and indepth news – stories of events
Since its inception in 1859, courtesy of Henry Townsend, print media has always been owned by either individuals, groups of individuals, organizations or government, both state and the national Due to the pluralistic nature of control of print media, the competition thereof, the print media has always been a vital instrument of enlightenment Infact, it was instrumental in the struggle to gain independence for Nigeria in 1960 However, the individuals or groups that establish newspapers/ magazines have always used it to propagate their interests But on the whole, it has played a major role in informing, educating and entertaining the society
The other arm of mass communication media is the electronic media It comprises of the radio and television It ha not been as enterprising as it should be Neither is it as competitive as the print media This is attributable to the majority ownership and control of the electronic media by the government This attribute is not a recent phenomenon It can be traced to the political experience of the western region of Nigeria in the first republic, where:
“During the 1962 – 1965 political crisis in The western region, broadcasting was employed freely by the government of the day as an instrument for waging an offensive against opposition “
Following the activities of major political actors then, the government saw its efficacy, then decided to only trust the electronic media into the care of its royals It therefore toyed with the idea of tying the radio and television to what Modlyne Opara of ESBS called “it’s apron” Though the constituent assemblies that smithed the 1959 and 1979 constitutions for the country did not approve monolithic control of the electronic media by the government, government went ahead in constitutionalizing its grip on the media The president of the federal Republic of Nigeria was vested with the right to permit the establishment of the electronic media The constitution states inter alia:
“……that besides federal and state governments, individuals and corporate bodies were also eligible to own and operate radio and television stations, provided that they received the presidents permission to do so”
It has been widely acclaimed that the government had to take such decision because the people were not emotionally and materially set for individual ownership of the electronic media, due to its vulnerability to abuse and the high capital required to establish it
Also considering that :
“ At local, national and international levels, the media are powerful
brokers of information by their very nature and availability, the mass media have been recognized as …… Most potent tool……in the modern world”
If we have to go by records, the government’s insistence on moving and controlling the electronic media is in contravention of the universal declaration of human rights article 19 of the UNO This article states that :
“Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression, this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and seek receive and import information and ideas through any media
and regardless of frontiers”
Nevertheless, Nigerians of the contemporary time are increasing decrying government ownership and control of radio and television station because the station are increasingly losing its credibility Yet experts suggested reasons why the government continues its claw – like hold on the radio and television Adidi Ugo, a senior lecturer in mass communication department of the university of Lagos (UNILAG) attributes this fear by the government:
“ The factor under tying the restlessness of government
To free radio and television from its contributions is nothing but
fear”
But government has defense against this It claims that private ownership would lay volatile Nigerian publics open to selfish manipulation Hence it can only trust such huge responsibilities into the hands of its loyals
Plausible as the government’s interest might sound, considering experiences of the political past and the present time where certain political interests were propagated at the expense of the masses Chiefs executives of government are known to have abused the electronic media by using it to further their own parochial causes In addition, the governments ownership and control of the electronic media - radio and television has not been without some hindrance on the media operations and further of its integrity If not for anything, JE Aliede, a expert believes that “Due to the government control of the electronic media, they lack credibility and objectivity” This can be accounted in the caliber of workers they parade Aliede described them as “…… Poorly educated editors and reporters ……” These half baked staff are ill remunerated, making them have lean and financial base and thus easy targets for manipulation by the government and its agents
Following this background therefore, we have resolved to seriously determine The effects of the age long ownership and control of the Enugu state Broadcasting service by the state government with a particular interest at the FM arm of the establishment We are not forgetting that John C Menril in his paper “A conceptual overview of world journalism” noted that “A nation’s press or media system is closely tied to its political system” Since “A nation’s journalism cannot exceed the limits permitted by the society; on the other hand, it cannot lag far behind” Also Dr S A Ekwelie has shown through a study that the needs of a developing country is to use the media for “evolution of new psychological personality” That is what J E
Aliede believed to be “empathy”
HISTORY OF ESBSAccording to “ A brief history of ESBS” published on the official commissioning / launching of Enugu state Broadcasting service (ESBS) stations, independent Layout , Enugu on 20th March 1992
“What is today known as Enugu state Broadcasting service (ESBS) has undergone a great deal of metamorphosis It was first opened on October 1, 1960, as one of the memorable ceremonies marking Nigeria attainment of independence, and was then known as eastern Broadcasting Corporation (ENBC)”
As the many state government that inherited it changed, the name of the establishment charged Hence, it has borne such names as east central state broadcasting service (ECBS) This was later changed to Anambra Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) following the creation of Anambra state This name was later modified to Anambra State This name was later modified to Anambra Broadcasting Service in 1985 following the creation of Enugu State, the station assumed the name Enugu State Broadcasting Service ESBS in 1991
The Enugu State Broadcasting Service transmits on the following channels and frequencies
1 Enugu Television (ETV) = Channel 50 UHF
2 Radio FM (1) = 585KHz in the medium wave band
3 Radio FM (2) = 961MHz in the FM band
4 AM radio = 621 KHz in the medium wave band
As you would have guessed , the ESBS comprises at present a functional radio station transmitting on channel 50 UHF Since our study is in the effects of government ownership and control of the radio 2 FM of the ESBS, we are going to concentrate our efforts on the radio 2 FM station
The reason for our choice is obvious as Eugene S Foster had earlier written that:
“Radio today occupies a unique role in our society While our attention at one level is focused on television, we rely more heavily on sound during those hours not reserved for full attention entertainment with video Although, the traditional radio stations sought to be all things to all people Today’s radio comes closer to meeting the basic needs for companionship so prevalent in an impersonal and computerized world”
If radio enjoys all these, the FM radio enjoys more advantages Mrs Modlyn Opara, a one – time acting Director ESBS radio 2 FM said that, “the FM is mainly for playing music (entertainment) and adverts,” because of the many advantages it enjoys over the amplitude modulated (AM) Following these over – riding factors, the ESBS exploits the Fm for its combined service broadcasts as news and state executives broadcast On the whole, the FM enjoys the following advantage over the AM namely: The FM is;
• Free from static noise and disruptions
• FM station come in equal strength within reception range
• It provides undistorted reception
• It transmit with greater fidelity
• It better suited for community and city broadcast
Besides all these sterling qualities, the FM like other electronic media, according to JE Aliede of Ebonyi State Newspaper corporation,
“…… Makes great contribution towards societal improvements It is among other things the source of news , information, education, entertainment, opinion leadership, conferring status and creating symbolism The way they do it, no matter the place, determine their contributions to national development or otherwise The government always exploits this medium avenue to sell its politics, policies and program propaganda to the society And since the government funds this medium, it sets up the “………organizational structure of the management as to control and manage …” it the way it likes, posits Aliede in a lecture
It is interesting to note that in so much as the station is referred to as “the station with the right attitude (thanks to Kelvin Ugwu a presenter on ESBS FM radio) it is not very accessible to all and sundry Its accessibility depends on whether one’s view is for or against the government of the day For most state government and in fact most governments, The rule has always been that “ those who are not for us are against us” Hence their view had not best find place in the government media (or do we say megaphone) The boards of directors, news editors and presenters etc All these personnel are accredited government loyalist who must protect the interest of the government always
12 STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMThe concept “Effect of Government Ownership and Control of Mass media Objectivity” is of great importance Government did not own and exert control the mass media for its sake but a definite purpose of using it as a megaphone to tell its own story, the way they want to tell it
Most state owned media organization are land locked with credibility and objectivity questions for the way they have handled information/propaganda dissemination for the government at the expense of the opposition and indeed the people For this reason, media audience is today known to take state owned media message with a pinch of salt For Marshal Macluhan once posited that “media is the message”
The problem that necessitated this research is the need to uncover how government influence on its own “megaphone has been able to foster or deride the objective principle of journalism and how it effects the media as a whole
And because ESBS FM is a major culprit in this issue, we have chosen it for the studies
13 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYEvery research problem worthy of academic undertaking is carried out for a definite purpose
The purpose of this study is:
i To find out how objectively the ESBS discharges its duty in the light of government ownership and control
ii To identify ways by which their objectivity has affected the stations status
iii To offer suggestions on how government owned media should be handled to achieve better result
iv Finally, the research is undertaking to make contributions to knowledge generally
14 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYThough, so many studies and research have been done in this problem This research undertaking is significant for the suspicion the mass audience has for messages disseminated from government owned media
At the end of this research, we hope it will be useful to al especially mass communication scholar and practitioners It will also be beneficial to government owned media organizations and to private owned media organizations who are still bedridden by objectivity problem
The study will help to provide adequate insight to meet the changing demands in the dynamic media environment of our society thereby helping media managers to make a better management policies
15 RESEARCH QUESTIONSWe formulated certain questions, which we hoped if answered will proffer solutions to the problem They are as follows:
i Does the influence of government help in the progress of ESBS
ii Does ESBS programmes reflect it’s bias to government or media objectivity
iii Is government influence in the station helping it to achieve its aim of informing, educating and entertaining the audience
iv Does advertisers react to the stations performance
v Does the ownership and control give room to media practitioners to operate optimally
vi What factor if any could compel government and private sectors media to pursue their duty to society objectivity
16 RESEARCH HYPOTHESISFrom the aforementioned research Questions, some hypothesis shall be tested in this study They are as follows:
HYPOTHESIS 1H1: The influence of government is hindering the progress of ESBS
H0: The influence government is not hindering the progress of ESBS
HYPOTHESIS 2H2: ESBS programmes are reminiscent of the stations tie to Enugu state government and lacks objectivity
H0 ESBS programmes are not reminiscent of the stations tie to Enugu government and does not lack objectivity
HYPOTHESIS 3H3: Government influence on the station is helping it to lose its credibility
H0: Government influence on the station is not helping it to lose its credibility
HYPOTHESIS 4H4: Advertisers are shunning the station
H0: advertisers are not shunning the station
HYPOTHESIS 5H5: The undue control from government hinders optimal performance of media workers
H0: The undue control from government does not hinder optimal performance of media workers
HYPOTHESIS 6H6: Absence of government interference will ensure media objectivity
H0: Absence of government interference will not ensure media objectivity
17 ASSUMPTIONSIn undertaking this research, we are assuming as follows:
i In influence of government is hindering the progress of ESBS Radio
ii ESBS programmes are reminiscent of the stations tie to Enugu state government and it lacks objectivity
iii Government influence on the station is helping it to lose its credibility
iv The advertisers are shunning the station
v The undue control from government house hinders optimal performance of media practitioners
vi That absence of government inference will ensure media objectivity
18 CONCEPTUAL AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONi Government is a body with the power to direct or control the public affairs of a country It refers to institution or agency of the state responsible for ruling the country
ii Objectivity is the ability to be free from personnel prejudice and impartiality It also refers to the situation in news coverage where facts are reported without bias
iii Mass media are devices for moving messages across distance and time to accomplish mass communication The major mass media in modern society are books, magazines, newspapers, motion pictures, radio and television
iv Propaganda is mass communication content whether news stories, advertisements, dramas, jingles and so on That is deliberately designed to change the beliefs, attitudes or behaviors of an audience
v Broadcasting is the dissemination of messages via transmission over radio or television for reception
19 LIMITATION OF THE STUDYIn the course of this undertaking, were often challenging with problem of time as time limited was shared between attending normal classes and running around in search of relevant data
We particularly encounter problem in getting our respondents permit us to access relevant information regarding their operation The ESBS staff especially felt that divulging such information would be at their own detriment
Finally, our inability to study other stations such as the ESBS television arm is due to time and financial constraints
REFERENCES
1 Tell magazine: Breaking whose Monopoly – CNN’s or NTA’s? No 7
February 17, 1992 p33
2 Ibid p33
3 Jonathan E Aliede : “History of Nigeria press” 1999
4 Civil Liberty Organisation publication “Liberty” Aug – Oct 1993
5 A publication on the official launching of the ESBS logo
“A brief history of ESBS” 1992, p10
6 Ibid p9
7 Eugene S Foster Understanding Broadcasting Addition – Wesley
Publishing co Menlo park California,
1978, p494
8 Jonathan E Aliede: Historical Background of Radio Broadcasting in
Nigeria” Lecture note 1999, p10
9 Nigeria journal of mass communication “financing Government owned media operations in a depressed Economy” Chiaka Ndu, Magnate Business Enterprises Enugu, 1990, p33
10 Ike S Ndolo foundations of mass communication
zik – chuks communication Enugu pp68, 73 and 75]
11 Hornbys Advanced learner’s Dictionary
