EVALUATION OF RAW OR PARBOILED RICE OFFAL AS ENERGY SOURCE IN FATTENING BUNAJI BULLS.

By

Author

Presented To

Department of Agricultural Science

ABSTRACT
A study was conducted using 20 Bunaji bulls with a live weight range of 210-249kg, and age range of 2-3 years to evaluate the feeding value of raw or parboiled rice offal as energy source for bull fattening. Four bulls per treatment were allotted to five dietary treatments in a 2x2 factorial arrangement with a common control. Feeding and metabolism trials were conducted for 90 and 21 days, respectively. Rumen fluid was collected at 0, 2, 4 and 6hrs intervals to determine the rumen pH, rumen ammonia nitrogen and rumen total volatile fatty acid for all the bulls. A concentrate and basal diets of Digitaria smutsii were offered at 2% body weight. The proximate and mineral composition of the feed ingredients showed that raw rice offal (RRO) had 7.69% CP, 6.64% hemicellulose and 24.86% silica while parboiled rice offal had (PRO) 4.38% CP, 6.10% hemicellulose and 36.91% silica. In terms of mineral contents, RRO was only higher in magnesium. The CP contents of the experimental diets vary between 19.69 and 20.44% while the ME ranged from 10.86 to 11.16MJ/kg DM. The crude fibre varies from 14.59 to 17.84%. The result of the fattening trial showed that there was no significant (P>0.05) difference in concentrate, hay, total dry matter intakes and daily weight gain of bulls fed the control diet (NRO) and diets containing RRO and PRO. Inclusion level of rice offal had no significant effect (P>0.05) on intake of concentrate, hay and total feed intake. However, live weight gain of the bulls on the control diet was significantly (P<0.05) higher than bulls on 20 and 30% rice offal inclusion The intake of concentrate, hay, total feed and daily live weight gain of the bulls were similar (P>0.05) irrespective of type and inclusion levels of the rice offal. All the bulls experimented attained an average weight gain of between 1.11Kg to 1.29Kg which was above 1Kg. Rumen parameters were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by rice type but significantly (P<0.05) affected by inclusion level. The result showed that Rumen pH at 6hrs after feeding at 0% (6.63) and 30% (6.76) were similar (P>0.05), but differed (P<0.05) significantly from 20% (6.93) inclusion level. Total Volatile Fatty Acid (TVFA) was not significant at 0hr before feeding with 0% being similar to 20 and 30% inclusion levels. Bulls on diet containing 20% inclusion levels had the highest TVFA value (44.70 μmol) with the least (23.49 μmol.) being those on 30%. Varying the levels of inclusion of RRO and PRO was not significant (P>0.05) on rumen pH and TVFA at different sampling time. However, significant (P<0.05) difference was observed for Rumen Ammonia Nitrogen (RAN) at 2hrs post feeding. Bulls on 30% PRO had the highest value (22.41g/100g) while 20% PRO (14.80g/100g) had the least value. The result of the carcass evaluation showed significant (P<0.05) difference with rice type for legs, spleen, Empty stomach, Empty intestine, inguinal fat, abdominal fat with PRO being higher except for the spleen which is higher for RRO. At varying levels of inclusion of rice offal, there was significant (P<0.05) difference in dressing percentage, Beef percent of carcass, meat to bone ratio, legs, hide, tail, empty stomach, stomach with content, empty intestine, Inguinal fat, kidney fat, abdominal fat, depth of chest fat, testis and blood. Carcass evaluation for bulls on diets with varying levels of inclusion of raw or parboiled rice offal were significant (P< 0.05) for legs, hide, empty stomach, empty intestine, inguinal fat and abdominal fat. Economic parameters such as cost per Kg gain, net benefit (NB) and return to naira invested on feed (RIF) were similar (P>0.05) for bulls on both RRO and PRO. Daily weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) affected by inclusion level with bulls on the control diet 0% having the highest(1.29Kg) while those on 20% (1.15 Kg) and 30% (1.14 Kg) were statistically (P>0.05) similar. Value of gain was significant (P<0.05) but decrease with increase in inclusion level. There was no significant (P>0.05) differences in the Value of weight gain (VWG), NB, RIF, Cost of feed and Cost per Kg gain for bulls on varying levels of inclusion of RRO or PRO. The inclusion of raw rice offal or parboiled rice offal lead to reduction in feed cost from N25,001.10 to a range of N22,115.50- N23,639.6 (about 5.45%-11.54% reduction in feed cost). It was therefore concluded from this trial that the meat from bulls fed 30% rice offal, (either raw or parboiled) were of better quality due to low fat. Similarly, rice offal of all kind (raw or parboiled) may be used to replace up to 30% of maize offal as source of energy in the diets of fattened Bunaji bulls without any detrimental effect on live weight. Hence it can be adopted by farmers

PLEASE NOTE

This material is a comprehensive and well-written project, structured into Chapter (1 to 5) for clarity and depth.


To access the full material click the download button below


OR


Contact our support team via Call/WhatsApp: 09019904113 for further inquiries.

Thank you for choosing us!

About e-Project Material Centre


e-Project Material Centre is a web service aimed at successfully assisting final year students with quality, well-researched, reliable, and ready-made project work. Our materials are recent, complete (chapter 1 to Minimum of Chapter 5, with references), and well-written. INSTANT ACCESS! INSTANT DOWNLOAD. Simply select your department, choose from our list of topics available, and explore your data.

Why Students Love to Use e-Project Material?


Guaranteed Delivery: Getting your project delivered on time is essential. You cannot afford to turn in your project past the deadline. That is why you must get your project online from a company that guarantees to meet your deadline. e-Project Topics Material Centre is happy to offer instant delivery of projects listed on our website. We can handle just about any deadline you send our way. Satisfaction Guaranteed: We always do whatever is necessary to ensure every customer's satisfaction.

Disclaimer


e-Project Topics Material Centre will only provide projects as a reference for your research. The projects ordered and produced should be used as a guide or framework for your own project. The contents of the projects should help you generate new ideas and thoughts for your own project. It is the aim of e-Project Topics Centre to only provide guidance by which the projects should be pursued. We are neither encouraging any form of plagiarism nor are we advocating the use of the projects produced herein for cheating.

Terms and Conditions


Using our service is LEGAL and IS NOT prohibited by any university/college policies. You are allowed to use the original model papers you will receive in the following ways:
  • As a source for additional understanding of the subject
  • As a source for ideas for your own research (if properly referenced)
  • For PROPER paraphrasing (see your university definition of plagiarism and acceptable paraphrase) Direct citing (if referenced properly)
Thank you so much for your respect to the author's copyright.

Refund and Privacy Policy


  • Refunds: All sales are final. However, if you encounter any issues with accessing your purchased material, kindly contact our support team for immediate resolution.
  • Privacy Policy: Your personal information is protected and will not be shared with third parties. We ensure secure payment processing and data confidentiality.

Contact Information


X

Need Help Finding or Downloading Your Project Material?

If you don't see the topic you're looking for or You need urgent/express attention, click the WhatsApp Icon/link below to contact ADMIN and get the material you need instantly. We are always available online to attend to your needs. Thanks