THE BLEACHING OF PALM OIL USING ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
By
Author
Presented To
Department of Chemical Engineering
ABSTRACT
This project work is on the bleaching of palm oil using activated charcoal.
The charcoal used for this work was made from pieces of animal bone by carbonization method. It was then activated into two different samples. Firstly, the basic sample was activated using anaphoric acid (H2 s04) while the other was activated by just heating as a control for the experiment; both at a constant temperature of 5000c and approximate time of 2hours.
They were both size reduced into fines and sieved into particle 3ye of 150um portion of the crude palm oil was degummed and neutralized for bleaching. Each interval of bleaching with both the acid activated and the ordinary activated charcoal was 8mins and temperature of 1500c over a hot plate, and subsequent filtration of the solution.
A spectrophotometer was used to measure the absorbance of the oils (crude and bleached) at selected wave length of 480Um. This was converted as the degree of colour reduction expressed in percentages.
Results obtained showed that optimum quantity of the charcoal for bleaching is 5% by weight, of the oil, which gives a percentage colour reduction as 97. 14% for the acid activated and 93.57% for the calcinated sample.
Also, the characterization of both the original oil and the bleaching oil showed that the later has appreciable properties. Hence colour reduction was observable by naked eyes.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Approval Page
Letter of Transmittal
Dedication
Acknowledgement
Abstract
Chapter one
10 Introduction
11 Preamble
12 Objective
13 Scope of study
20 Literature Review
210 Chemical composition of palm oil
211 Carotenes
212 Phosphatides
213 Gums
214 Compositions and standards of palm oil
220 Spoilage factors of palm oil
221 Preventive measures
222 Inhibitors
230 Refining of creebe palm oil
231 Degumming
232 Neutralization
233 Bleaching
234 Deodorization
235 Chemical bleaching method
236 Accretion bleaching
237 Bleaching by adsorption
240 Adsorption
241 Uses of adsorption
252 Physical adsorption
252 Chemisorptions
260 Adsorbents
261 Bauxite
26 2 Decolourising carbons
263 Gas-adsorbent carbon
264 Molecular screening activated carbon
265 Synthetic polymeric adsorbents
266 Silica Gel
267 Alumna
268 Bone char
270 Charcoal
271 Properties of charcoal
272 Activated charcoal
273 Methods of charcoal activation
274 Properties of activated charcoal
275 Chemical properties of activated charcoal
276 Physical properties of activated charcoal
277 Uses of activated charcoal
CHAPTER THREE
30 Experimental method
310 Materials
311 Material treatment
320 Charcoal activation using acid
321 Charcoal activation by heat treatment
330 Degumming of Palm oil
331 Neutralization
340 Bleaching of palm oil
341 Experimental set-up
350 Characterization of palm oil
351 Specific gravity
352 Iodine value
353 Free fatty acid
354 Saponification value
355 Esterification value
356 Process flow chart
CHAPTER FOUR
40 Experimental result
410 Effect of bleaching sample
420 Effect of temperature on bleaching
430 Colour observation at absorbance
440 Concise table for characterization
CHAPTER FIVE
50 Discussion
CHAPTER SIX
60 Conclusion
CHAPTER SEVEN
70 Recommendation
References
Table of nomenclature
Appendices
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