This project is based on multimedia GIS of tourism sites in Cross River State. Tourism in Cross River State is geared towards the diversification of the state based industry as well as providing an alternative means of improving the state internally generated revenue. The objective of the research is to map the tourism sites and develop a multimedia GIS Database for Cross River State. To achieve the objectives of this research, Hand held GPS was used to locate tourism sites and for update of digital maps of Cross River State. Cartographic digitization was employed to produce the tourism map of the state. A relational GIS database was created using Arc Map 10.1. Ulead Video DV X2 with a Fire wire 1394 adapter was used in downloading video clips recorded by the Digital Video Camera into Personal Computer (PC). Ulead Video Studio Pro X2 which has the capability of converting recorded sound to wave files which are later converted into AVI files and also of converting scanned images and photographs into Video Clips was also used. Microsoft Window Media Player played the Video Clips. Finally, spatial search and multimedia queries were carried out to test the database. This research has been able to demonstrate the dynamic capacities of Geographic information system application in mapping, analysis and modeling of Geographic phenomenon. This is to aid tourism planning authorities, tourists, and government agencies to visualize, plan,

monitor, manage and access various tourist sites in Cross River State. This database should be updated from time to time in other to capture new developing areas with the facilities that are present. 

COVER PAGE i

TITLE PAGE ii

CERTIFICATION iii

APPROVAL iv

DEDICATION v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi

ABSTRACT vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS viii- ix

LIST OF FIGURES xi

LIST OF TABLES xii

CHAPTER ONE - - - - - - 1

10 Introduction - - - - - - 1

11 Background to the study - - - - 1-3

12 Statement of the problem - - - - 3

13 Need for the study - - - - - 3

14 Aim and objectives - - - - - 4

141 Aim - - - - - - - 4

142 Objectives - - - - - - 4

15 Scope - - - - - - - 4

16 The study area - - - - - - 4-7

17 Multimedia map - - - - - 8

171 Concept of Multimedia Mapping - - 8-10

172 Concept of Hypermedia/Multimedia - 10-12

173 Concept of Multimedia GIS - - - 13

174 Conceptual frame work - - - 13

175 Theory of Geographical information System (GIS) - 15-17

176 Approach for Designing Map-base Multimedia Product - 17

177 Requirements for Designing Map-base Multimedia product - 18

178 Database Design - - - - - 18-19

18 Limitation - - - - - - 19-20

20 Literature Review - - - - - 21-28

30 Methodology - - - - - - 29

31 Research Design - - - - -- 29

311 Type of Research Design - - - 29

32 Material and Techniques - - - - 29

321 Equipment and software - - - 29

322 Equipment - - - - - - 29

323 Hardware requirement - - - - 30

324 Software requirement - - - - 30

325 Data - - - - - - - 30

326 Sources of data - - - - - 30-33

33 Geometric data acquisition - - - 33

331 Acquisition of primary dataset - - 33

3 32 Acquisition of secondary dataset - - 33

333 Acquisition of attribute data - - - 33

34 Data processing procedure and Database creation - 33

341 Mapping of tourism site in Cross River State - 33

342 Multimedia GIS Database design and Creation - 33

343 Multimedia Database Design - - - - 33-36

344 Database Implementation - - - - - 37-38

345 Multimedia database Creation - - - - 38-39

35 Analysis and Information Presentation - - - 40

351 Data analysis - - - - - - - - 40

352 Spatial search - - - - - - - 40

40 Data Analysis and Presentation - - - - 41

41 Analysis of result - - - - - - - 41

411 Single criteria queries - - - - - - 41-43

412 Multiple criteria queries - - - - - 43-44

413 Multimedia queries - - - - - - 44-48

420 Discussion - - - - - - - - 48

421 GIS and Hot-linking / Hyperlink - - - - 48-49

422 Application of Multimedia GIS products - - 49-50

50 Conclusion and Recommendation - - - - 51

51 Summary - - - - - - - - - 51

52 Conclusion - - - - - - - - 51

Table 31 Relational database structure - - - - 36

Table 32 Sample of Tourist Site table created in Arc-GIS 10138

Figure 11 Map of the study area - - - - - - - - 7

Figure 31a: Map of Greater Calabar (Projects and Infrastructure) - 31

Figure 31c: Cross River Map of Flood and Erosion Site 2012 - - 31

Figure 31c: Orthophoto of part of Cross River State - - - - 32

Figure 33 Spatial data modeling - - - - - - - - 35

Figure 34: Multimedia GIS Database Author - - - - - 39

Figure 41: show result of query by attribute - - - - - 42

Figure 42 Query by location using identity tool - - - - - 43

Figure 43 Query for tour sites with syntax "ID"= "2 or<= 14" - - 43

Figure 44 Multimedia Query showing video of cable car in

Obanliku LGA Cross River State - - - - - - - 45

Figure 45 Multimedia query showing location, photograph and history

(in text format) of monolith in Ikom LGA of Cross River State - 45

Figure 46 photograph and location of Agbokim waterfalls in Etoung LGA Cross River State

Figure 46 photograph and location of Agbokim waterfalls in Etoung LGA Cross River State - 47

Figure 47 Video of Obudu Mountain Resort in Obanliku LGA of Cross River State - - 48

This project is based on multimedia GIS of tourism sites in Cross River State Tourism in Cross River state is geared towards the diversification of the state based industry as well as providing an alternative means of improving the state internally generated revenue It is expected that the construction and maintenance of huge tourism and travel facilities as well as the provision of accompanying services would be an important incentive for economic growth and development of the state Developing a multimedia GIS database for Tourism industry is a perceived technical solution to the problem of planning, management and promotion of both

domestic and international tourism in cross river state Such a database constitutes the basis for promoting efficient and productive multimedia spatial information services by private and government tourism agents all over the country (Ayeni 2006) Cross River State is blessed with a lot of tourism sites which are yet to be discovered For the purpose of this work, the technology of Geographic Information System has been deployed to capture the inventory of the tourist sites within the state to make it known and readily accessible so that people can have information about them Each State in Nigeria must be conscious of her tourism potentials and use multimedia GIS to manage tourism effectively

According to Ayeni(2006) the Nigerian Government in her quest to diversify her monocultural economy, which is heavily dependent on petroleum export, has decided to take some bold measures to develop and promote travel and tourism These measures include the adoption of the National Tourism Policy (NTP) in 1990, the birth of the Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation (NTDC) in 1992, the founding of the National Institute for Hospitality and Tourism

(NIHOTOUR), in Baganda, Kano, and the National travel Bureau (NTB), a tour operating company of NTDC, (NTDC (2001)), the adoption of a Tourism Master Plan and the inauguration of the National Tourism Council with the President as chairman The aim of these measures was to make Nigeria the ultimate Tourism destination in Africa and to make Tourism one of the greatest foreign exchange earners in an oil dependent economy

Chomtip Pornpanomchai (2011), multimedia map is one type of electronic maps, which combine both spatial information and multimedia technology to help people to see the real environment with spatial information Multimedia is a technology that encompasses various types of data and presents them in an integrated form There are several types of data that are used by the technology, including text, graphics, hyperlinks, images, sound, digital and analogue video and animation Although many GIS have been successfully implemented, it has become quite clear that two-dimensional maps cannot precisely present multidimensional and dynamic spatial phenomena Moreover, there is a growing need towards accessing spatial data It seems that merging GIS and Multimedia is a way to deal with these issues The latest advances in computer industry especially in hardware have led to the development of the Multimedia and Geographical Information System (GIS) technologies Multimedia provides communications using text, graphics, animation, and video The greatest challenges in developing a multimedia GIS is to integrate different types of data such as text data, graphical data (maps, graphs), pictures data (still and moving Pictures) and sound data (voice and music), thus creating in some cases, a multiple representation for the same data The combination of the Multimedia and GIS technologies will certainly build a powerful

distributed tourism information system which is bound to improve the services offered in the tourism industry (Benabdallah and Soltane, 2001)

A multimedia GIS system is a way to overcome the limitations displayed by the technologies when they are used separately Multimedia can extend GIS capabilities of presenting geographic and other information The combination of several media often results in a powerful and richer presentation of particular image and multimedia data are becoming more prevalent with changing technology Depending on the specific content of the data, image data may be considered either spatial, eg photographs, animation, movies, etc, or attribute, eg sound, descriptions, narrations, etc

The increasing emergence of multimedia invites researchers to explore the possibilities of extension of GIS in ambit of multimedia integration; eg incrementing the availability of methods to integrate and display multimedia data (Cartwright 1999) However, many cartographers are of the opinion that the combination of multimedia and GIS helps users to recognize spatial and content associations of a phenomenon While GIS functions allow the depiction and analysis of the spatial aspect of a topic, selected multimedia data in a GIS can transmit the content aspect of the topic Moreover, the presence of multimedia data augments the

attractiveness of a GIS since the availability of multimedia data decreases the level of abstractness and lets the user feel closer to reality Thus, cartographic researchers intend to employ this strategy of integrating multimedia data into GIS to motivate users to analyze maps

Indeed, among cartographers, there is the opinion that the integration of multimedia data in GIS helps gain additional knowledge and to raise questions that are not intuitive (Peterson 2007a)

Multimedia GIS of tourism sites in Cross River State is important because of the need for a current digital tourism database and lack of up-to-date information for proper utilization, planning and management of the tourist sites Developing a multimedia GIS database on Tourism for Cross River State will provide technical solution to the problem of planning, and management

Tourism in Cross River State is geared towards the diversification of the state based industry as well as providing an alternative means of improving the state internally generated revenue It is expected that the construction and maintenance of huge tourism and travel facilities as well as the provision of accompanying services would be an important incentive for economic growth and development of the state The success of tourism in any country depends on the ability of that country to develop, manage and market tourism facilities and activities The main result of the research project is the development of a Multimedia GIS database for Tourism Industry which contains a record of Ecological, Cultural and Modern Tourist Features and activities, and their geographical locations in Cross River State According to Benabdallah (2001), one of the problems often encountered in the tourism industry is lack of data and a quick update and maintenance of available data

The multimedia database provides a credible and pragmatic solution to this problem because a GIS database is a well structured and intelligent electronic database

which can be easily updated, and secured with a good database management system In a multimedia GIS database, tourism features and activities are not only recorded in form of a text, but also in form of maps, pictures, movies, and music and voice data

The aim of the study is to develop multimedia GIS database for tourism in Cross

River State

In order to achieve the aim, the following objectives will be captured

This project is based on multimedia GIS of the tourism sites in Cross River State Based on the purpose and the significant of the project, the scope of the project involves database design, data capturing (ie Geometric, attribute data and multimedia data),database creation, data analysis and information presentations are the width and length of the project

Cross River State is a coastal state in South-South Nigeria, named after the Cross River, which passes through the state Located in the Niger Delta, Cross River State occupies 20,156 square kilometers It shares boundaries with Benue State to the north, Ebony States to the west, to the east by Cameroon Republic and to the south by AkwaIbom and the Atlantic Ocean Cross River State is located within latitudes 4º 15'N and 7º 00' N and longitudes

7º 15'E and 9º 30' E It is made up of 18 Local Government Areas ( Abi, Akamkpa, Akpabuyo, Bakassi, Bekwarra, Biase, Boki, Calabar Municipality, Calabar South, Etung, Ikom, Obanliku, Obubura, Obudu, Odukpani, Ogoja, Yakuur, and Yala local Government) with its capital in Calabar The State is composed of three major ethnic groups: the Efik, the Ejagham, and the Bekwarra The Efik language is widely spoken in Cross River State The Efik-speaking people live mainly in the Southern senetorial districts of Cross River, or as it is commonly referred to, the Greater Calabar district, which includes Calabar Municipality, Calabar South, Bakassi, Biase, Akpabuyo, Odukpani, and Akamkpa LGAs There is also the Qua community in Calabar, which speaks Ejagham The main Ejagham group occupies mostly the Greater Calabar areas of Calabar Municipality, Odukpani, Biase and Akampkpa sections of Cross River State

There are also the Yakurr/Agoi/Bahumono ethnic groups in Yakurr and Abi LGA, while the Mbembe are predominantly found in Obubra LGA Further up the core northern part of the state are several sub-dialectical groups, among which are Etung, Olulumo, Ofutop, Nkim/Nkum, Abanajum, Nseke and Boki in both Ikom, Etung and Boki LGAs

Also, the Yala/Yache,Igede, Ukelle, Ekajuka, Mbube, Bette, Bekwarra and Utugwanga people are found in Ogoja, Yala, Obudu and Obanliku LGA's The Yala are a subgroup of the Idoma nation, part of the Yala LGA's subgroups are the Igede speaking people believed to have migrated from the Oju part of Benue State

Cross River State epitomises the nation's linguistic and cultural plurality and it is important to note that, in spite of the diversity of dialects, all the indigenous languages in the state have common linguistic roots as Niger-Congo languages Finally, the state boasts of being the venue for the largest carnival in Africa

In line with the objectives of the former Governor of the state Mr Donald Duke to mix business with pleasure, there are many festivals These festivals bring in tourists from far and wide into the state to enjoy themselves and also do business in the state

These festivals include The Cross River State Christmas Festival, which promises to be an event that will rival any festival events in Africa, with over 30 days of endless fun, carnival, games, cultural display, art exhibition, and pageant and music performance The Cross River State Christmas Festival - 1 December to 31 December annually, while the Cross River State Carnival Float - 26th and 27th December yearly The Yakurr Leboku

Yam festival holds 28 August annually

Another Interesting Festival in cross River state is Anong Bahumono Festival which holds in Anong Village, during which different cultural dances are showcased,

including Ikpobin (acclaimed to be the most entertaining dance in the state), Ekoi, Obam, Emukei and Etangala Dances

From the soaring plateaus of the mountain tops of Obanliku to the Rain forests of Afi, from the Waterfalls of Agbokim and Kwa to the spiralling ox-bow Calabar

River which provides sights and images of the Tinapa Business Resort, Calabar Marina, Calabar Residency Museum and the Calabar Slave Park along its course, there is always a thrilling adventure awaiting the eco-tourist visiting Cross River State Other tourist attractions are the Ikom Monoliths (a series of volcanic-stone monoliths of unknown age), the Mary Slessor Tomb, Calabar Drill Monkey Sanctuary, Cross River National Park, Afi Mountain walkway canopy, Kwa falls, Agbokim waterfalls, Tinapa Business Resort and the Annual Calabar Carnival that takes place during the Christmas period

According to Pornpanomchai (2011), a static map is spatial information on a

paper-based drawing, which shows a lot of information eg roads, buildings, bridges,

water pools, etc The static map uses different notations, symbols and colors to represent

a lot of spatial information for users Nevertheless, a static map cannot still serve endless

human need Nowadays, people use an electronic map instead of a static map for more

convenience and more accuracy, and to get more information The electronic map (also

called a digital map, screen map or instantaneous map) is a visual map, which includes

many new technologies eg geographic information system (GIS), multimedia, hypertext,

virtual reality and data communication techniques, etc A multimedia map is one type of

electronic map, which combine both spatial information and multimedia technology to

help people to see the real environment with spatial information

Unel, Gundogdu, and Yalpir (2015) said that information is a phenomenon that

human beings need and is accessed any time in an easy way A Geographic Information

System which is associated with map and in which any kind of information may be

included will make the users' lives easier by providing access to all kinds of data via the

internet on mobile devices

In the not-so-distant past the sole medium for which we designed and created

maps was print on-paper Whether the map was to be published as a single sheet; bound

in an atlas, book, or journal; or destined to remain in manuscript form, the stages of map

compilation, development, production, and the final product were essentially paperbased

In the1960s automated cartography gave us a new set of tools for map creation

Cartographers were able to issue sets of commands and coordinates via a terminal or

punch cards to generate output (in the form of a paper map) Recent technological

advancements have created a computer desktop which has, for the most part, replaced

hand-drawn, pen and ink, drafting table map production By and large, however, the

output and final form of our maps is still paper

Multimedia has the potential to change all that It has already made tremendous

transformations in the how graphics are presented and communicated, and maps will be no exception One only needs to pick up the latest issue of any computer trade magazine

to know that motion; on-screen presentations, sound, and color have become integral

components in graphic communication Cartographers cannot and should not shelter

maps from the changes that are taking place in graphic information capture, creation,

manipulation, and presentation We have, in fact, already started to make use of some of

these tools to improve and facilitate the processes we use to create maps through mapping

and illustration software and high-end image output devices These technologies,

however, offer even greater possibilities to alter cartographic practices Not only can they

be adapted to facilitate and improve traditional map creation methods, they have the

potential to change the look of maps and how we communicate spatial information It is

worth restating this idea to make it clear that what is being discussed here are not merely

changes in map compilation and production methods, but how these new technologies

will change how maps are conceived, how they communicate spatial information, and

how they will be used The incorporation of map animations in recent electronic atlases

and encyclopedias are just a few examples of cartographic ventures into this new

territory

Multimedia systems try to take advantage of human senses to facilitate humancomputer

interaction, and human-human computer mediated communication

Considering that we live in a world of multimedia events (Rudnicky, 1992) Many people

believe that multimedia communication is natural and corresponds more closely with

how the brain has developed (Alty, 1997), and, therefore, multimedia exercises the whole

mind (Marmolin, 1991) In this viewpoint, the human brain is seen as having evolved in a

multisensory environment, where simultaneous input on different channels was essential

for survival Thus, the processing of the human brain has been fine-tuned to allow

simultaneous sampling and comparison between different channels (Alty, 1997)

Multimedia systems have the potential to make appropriate and efficient use of

human perceptual and cognitive capabilities by making our interaction with computers

more natural A related feature to naturalness is realness or the degree of correspondence

between the representation and the real thing Naturalness and realness are similar but not

the same Naturalness is concerned with the mapping between the stimuli and the senses

taking recognition of the fact that people normally gain information from the world from multiple senses (eg hearing an explosion would cause people to look for a cloud of

smoke or flames) On the other hand, realness is concerned with how close the

representation of the explosion corresponds to an actual explosion Two consequences for

systems that possess these features appear to be that they show properties of believability

(the closer they are to the real thing, the more believable they appear to be) and fidelity

(the degree of detail)

Unel (2015) indicated that Multimedia Elements in GIS Collections of georeferenced

images and videos (as opposed to individual pieces of image or video data)

have proven very useful in multimedia research Such collections are becoming

increasingly popular and accessible thanks to photo-sharing services such as Flickr and

Google Picasa Web that have realized the need to tap into geographical information for

search, sharing, and visualization of multimedia data Also researchers found that

multimedia elements effectively supported the capture and communication of data,

information, and knowledge presented in qualitative forms Multimedia is defined as

photographs, video, text, or audio materials that are used to express or communicate a

viewpoint In addition, multimedia elements may be included into animation, panoramic

image and graphic data which are prepared in Microsoft Office Excel

The concept of hypermedia was first introduced by Vannevar Bush in 1945 He

envisioned a Memex system which would allow for a mechanized associative linking of

the vast amounts of information available in the mid 20th century Memex would free

investigators from being bogged down in the ever growing mountains of research

produced by increased specialization into fringe disciplines Not only would the record of

human achievements continue to be enormously extended, it would be accessible Today,

the term hypermedia refers to information structures in which various nodes containing

information are associated through direct links much the same way as information is

associated within the human mind It is an automated as opposed to mechanical

realization of Bush's vision Hyper-structures are thus beyond the sequential style of

composition found in most books; they are akin to the neural structure of a thesaurus

(Lauriru and Thompson 1992)

Authors of hypermedia documents present information not only as disparate

chunks found in the nodes themselves, but also through the structure of the node links

which reflect the author's conceptualization of the relationships between the node topics

These data nodes are commonly referred to as hypernodes and the associative links as

hyperlinks The data residing at a hypemode may appear in various forms including

animation, audio, text, video; CD-ROM, static graphics and spreadsheets Thus,

hypermedia structures may be multimedia in nature by incorporating diverse media

within a single structure (Barker and Tucker 1990)

Hyperlinks may reflect a hierarchical structure within the data, a consensus of

association developed through multi-user input, or perhaps a domain specific ordering

which guides experts between intuitively linked nodes For instance, in a GIS, hypernode

linkages may be constructed to allow the circular sequence" map layers, land use,

agriculture, erosion, rainfall, cloud cover, greenhouse effect, carbon dioxide levels,

pollution, industry, map layers, etc Types of links include inferential and organizational

hyperlinks which may be constructed to connect the data to hardware and nonhypermedia

programming languages Implication links can connect hypernodes in

inference trees Execute links can be sliders or buttons which are used in high level

programming interfaces for steering computation Index links may connect to a relational

database

The cartographer developing a hypermedia document must decide whom to target

as viewers and what information and meta-information they should have access to

Design considerations for the graphical symbols representing hyperlinks along with their

visual placement, and the organization of hyperlinks within hyper documents are pressing

issues for developers Hyperlinks should be designed and placed so as to provide the user

with information about the probable nature of the destination hypernode The very

existence of links in hypermedia conditions the user to expect purposeful, important

relationships between linked matenals (Landow 1991)

Hyperstructures should stimulate the user to explore through stylized iconography

and color schema which highlight active hyperlinks It has been suggested that query

capabilities should include devices that allow users to see where they have been, to see

new paths to a destination they have previously visited, to review paths taken to a particular hypernode, and to put the user into a previous context These +design

considerations should prevent users from becoming lost or disoriented when perusing a

document A review of the psychological implications of becoming lost in hyper

documents can be found in Harpold (1991) Hypermedia lends itself to easy and rapid

prototyping the lure of its capabilities for popular use has insured authoring of transparent

interfaces and scripting languages by product developers

Hypermedia documents can be in themselves high-level, flexible representations

that require minimal familiarity for new users to adopt (Woodhead 1991) Their

effectiveness for data portrayal and learning is becoming apparent Yager (1991)

contends that hypermedia / multimedia solutions enhance audience immersion and that

multi-sensory presentations speed and improve understanding, and increase attention

spans The ability of pictures to enhance recall of textual information has been

demonstrated (Kozma 1991) For spatio-temporal data, "there is a statistically significant

difference between the time it takes to answer a question (at any reading level) looking at

an animated map [shorter time] and the time it takes to answer the same question looking

at a static map [longer time] displaying the same spatio-temporal phenomenon" even

though the quality of answers is not significantly different (Koussoulakou and Kraak

1992), parenthetic comments by this author) Lastly, Beer and Freifield (1992) report that

the US Department of Defense finds that learning assisted by hypermedia / multimedia is

cost effective Interactive videodisc instruction takes a third less time, costs about a third

less and is more effective than conventional methods of learning even though the initial

outlay costs are high

The term "multimedia" in the 1970s meant a sound track synchronized to one or

more slide projectors and an automatically advancing collection of slides Today,

multimedia implies the use of a personal computer (PC) with information presented

through the following media: 1) text (descriptive text, narrative and labels); 2) graphics

(drawings, diagrams, charts, snapshots or photographs); 3) digital video (television-style

material in digital format); 4) digital audio sound (music and oral narration); and 5)

computer animation (changing maps, objects and images) (Hu 2001) Multimedia technology has been extensively utilized by commercial encyclopedia ROMs such as

Microsoft Encyclopedia CD-ROM to provide a multi-sensory learning environment and

the opportunity to improve the understanding of a concept Although the interactivity is

not the essence of multimedia system, it is, however, the feature of a hypertext system

The essential feature of a hypertext system is the concept of hypertext (nodes or

concepts) and hyperlinks (relationships) (Nielson 1990) In other word, hypertext

represents a single concept or idea and is connected to other information by activating

pre-defined hyperlinks Interactive multimedia combines the ideas from both multimedia

and hypertext system It utilizes multimedia information in various formats and features

interactivity and non-linear information retrieval (ie, forward, backw