APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN THE POPULATION STUDY OF ACHARA LAYOUT ENUGU, ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA
By
OZOEKWE, CHARLES IFEANYI
Presented To
Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics
ABSTRACT
This project is an attempt to study population distribution in Achara Layout Enugu, in Enugu State through integration of Remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). The Remote sensing data used in this study included high spatial resolution Quick Bird imagery. Questionnaires were given out for use in generating the desired product in an interactive GIS environment. Field site capturing was based on basic survey principle, technique and instruction. Field work was done to determine the type of building appearing in the satellite imagery and the no of rooms estimated, thus a standard family size gotten. After estimating the population size of Achara Layout, the result was compared to the population data gotten from National Population Commission for Achara Layout Enugu state which was divided into two as it comprised of data for Achara Layout and Idaw River Layout Enugu as directed by National Population Commission Enugu. The methodology involved carrying out a user needs assessment, collection of map from Enugu State Town Planning Department of Ministry of Land, collection of Population census data from National Population Commission, rigorous field work, data processing, comparison of results and presentation of results. The average difference between the population recorded in the 2006 then projected to 2015, and that estimated from Quick Bird images for Achara Layout Enugu, is found to be equal to 1.61%. Results from Arc GIS were presented in form of map while results from Microsoft Excel environment were presented in form of table.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Cover page- - - - - - - - - - - i
Title page - - - - - - - - - - - ii
Certification- - - - - - - - - - - - - - iii
Approval- - - - - - - - - - - - - iv
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - v
Acknowledgements - - - - - - - - - - vi
Abstract - - - - - - - - - - - vii
Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - - - viii
List of Tables - - - - - - - - - xi
List of Figures - - - - - - - - - - - - xii
CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION- - - - - - - - - - - - 1
10 Introduction- - - - - - - - - - - - 1
11 Background of study- - - - - - - - - - - - 1
12 Statement of problem- - - - - - - - - - - 2
13 Aim- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3
14 Objectives- - - - - - - - - - - - - 3
15 Scope of work - - - - - - - - - - - - 3
16 Study Area- - - - - - - - - - - 4
17 Benefits And Contribution- - - - - - - - - - 5
CHAPTER TWO:
LITERATURE REVIEW- - - - - - 6
21 Description of Geographic information system- - - - - - - - 7
2 2 Population studies using Remote sensing and GIS- - - - - - - - - - 8
221 Background- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8
222 Population density model from urban Geography- - - - - - - - - 9
23 Population Estimation methods- - - - - - - 9
231 Area interpolation methods- - - - - - - - - - 10
232 Point Based Methods- - - - - - - - - - 11
233 Area based method- - - - - - - - - - 13
234 Statisitcal Modelling method- - - - - - - 19
24 Summary- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26
CHAPTER THREE:
METHODOLOGY
31 Flow Chart- - - - - - - - - - - - 29
32 Project Planning- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30
33 Data Acquisition- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30
34 Tools and components used- - - - - - - - - - - - 32
35 Data Sources- - - - - - - - - - - - - 33
36 Data Processing- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 34
361 Scanning - - - - - - - - - - - - - 34
362 Data Georefrencing- - - - - - - - - 34
363 Data Vectorization- - - - - - - 38
364 Shape Files in Arc GIS- - - - - - - - - - 39
3641Features in Shape files - - - - - - - - - - - - 39
365 Digitizing a map- - - - - - - - - - - 40
366Data base structure for Population census- - - - - - - - - 41
3661Conceptual Design - - - - - - - - - - - - - 42
3662Entity Relationship Model- - - - - - - 43
3663Logical Design- - - - - - - - - - - - - 44
3664Physical Database Design- - - - - - - - - - 45
37 User Requirement- - - - - - - - - - - - - 47
371 Database Design for Achara Layout- - - - - - - - 47
CHAPTER FOUR:
RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
41 Results- - - - - - - - - - - - - 49
411 Analyses- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 49
412 Estimation of population data per household through satellite image- - 49
413 Estimation of population study by Block Parcel- - - - - 51
414 Population Density- - - - - - - - - - - 54
42 Comparative analysis of population data from National Population
Commission and that gotten from Remote sensing and GIS application- - - 57
CHAPTER FIVE:
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
51 Conclusion- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 59
52 limitations of using remote sensing method for population studies- - - - 59
521 Image Classification- - - - - - - - - - - 60
522 3D nature of urban areas- - - - - - - - 60
53 Recommendations- - - - - - - - - 61
REFERENCES- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 68
APPENDICES- - - - - - - - - - 69
LIST OF FIGURES PAGE
Figure 1 Overview Map Showing Achara Layout - - - - - - - - - 5
Figure 31 Flow Chart of Project Plan- - - - - - - - - - 29
Figure 32 Map of Achara Layout as Designed by Town Planning unit- - 31
Figure 33 QuickBird Image of Enugu Metropolis- - - - - - - - - - - - - - 32
Figure 34 Selecting Georefrencing in ArcMap- - - - - - - - - - 35
Figure 35 Selecting Georefrencing in ArcMap - - - - - - - 35
Figure 36 Positioning of The Cross Hair- - - - - - - - 36
Figure 37 Georefrencing The Scanned Map- - - - - - - 37
Figure 38 Digitized Block Parcel- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 38
Figure 39 Digitizing Of Building Through Satellite Imagery Of Study Area39
Figure 40 Joining Table in ArcGIS Environment- - - - - - - - - 42
Figure 41 Building ER Diagram- - - - - - - - - - 43
Figure 42 Block of ER Diagram- - - - - - - - - 43
Figure 43 Population of ER Diagram- - - - - - - - 43
Figure 44 Relationship Between Entities- - - - - - - - 44
Figure 45 Population Concentration Map By Block Parcel- - - - - 51
Figure 46 Population Density Map By Block Parcel - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 55
Figure 47 Enugu state 2006 Population Census Result- - - - 56
Figure 48 Enugu South LGA 2006 Population Census Result- - - - - 57
LIST OF TABLES PAGE
Table 10 Geodatabase of Extracted Houses from Imagery- - - - - - 45
Table 20 Field Survey data of Achara Layout using MS Excel- - - 46
Table 30 Field Survey data of Achara Layout using ArcGIS- - - - - 47
Table 41 Sample Census Per Building- - - - - - - - 50
Table 42 Detail of Population Study Area Per Block Parcel- - - - 53
Table 44 Comparative Analysis of Population Data From NPC And Data Got From Remote Sensing for Achara Layout Enugu State - - - - - - 59
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
11 BACK GROUND OF STUDY
Although numerous estimates of the Nigerian population were made during the colonial period, the first attempt at a nationwide census was during
1952-53 This attempt yielded a total population figure of 316 million within the current boundaries of the country This census has usually been considered
an undercount for a number of reasons: apprehension that the census was related to tax collection; political tension at the time in eastern Nigeria;
logistical difficulties in reaching many remote areas; and inadequate training of enumerators in some areas The extent of undercounting has been estimated at 10 percent or less, although accuracy probably varied among the regions
Despite its difficulties, the 1952-53 census has generally been seen as less problematic than any of its successors Subsequent attempts to conduct a
reliable post-independence census have been mired in controversy, and only one was officially accepted A good census estimate of a country population
can help a country plan for present and future development and so much more
The data generated from population census are analyzed and used to calculate for various needs like gender ratio, indigenes and non-indigenes, migrants and immigrants etc However, remotely sensed data offers the means to measure
spatial attributes of the urban landscape In the past, researchers remain depended on "Aerial Photographs" because of their fine spatial resolution to
get accurate data about size of houses and their volumes and consequently estimates of population (Adeniyi, 1983; Lo and Chan, 1980)In addition to
that, remotely sensed data provide a wider spectral coverage (number of bands) Due to these advantages, there is a general trend towards using
remotely sensed data for census studies
The rapid growth of computer technology, such as Geographic Information System (GIS), has been widely used in various fields since it was being born
in year 1989 A GIS is a powerful configuration of computer hardware and software used for compiling, storing, managing, manipulating, analyzing, and
mapping (displaying) spatially-referenced information (Haestad Methods,2003)
The use of GIS for population studies ranges from creation of maps to modelling the relationship between population variables (Baudot, 2001;
Forbes, 1984; Langford and Unwin, 1994; Martin, 1989; Rhind, 1991 This project presents the integration of Geographic Information System
(GIS) and remote sensing to carry out some modeling related to population density The integration normally takes the form of using remote sensing data
as a source of data or using GIS as in-situ tool The results of analysis are integrated for further spatial analysis
12 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
There is need to represent properly the number of populace living in every location The inability to properly represent the figures or get a fairly
accurate census figure has contributed to poor planning, poor decision making and implementation The need to adequately represent fair estimate of the
population size is paramount and can never be over emphasized Population census process has been marred logistical difficulties in reaching many remote
areas, inadequate training of enumerators, inconsistent data management process etc Inability to manage acquired data can lead to poor data analysis
and usage Previous studies have shown the importance of integrating remote sensing with GIS for population studies (Donnay, 1992; Harris and Ventura,
1995; Wilkinson, 1996) The integration normally takes the form of using remote sensing data as a source of data or using GIS as in-situ tool (Sadler and Barnsley, 1990)
13 AIM
The aim of this project is to estimate the population of Achara Layout in Enugu State using remote Sensing and GIS Technology
14 OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this project are to:
i To estimate the population of Achara Layout using Remote Sensing
and GIS to population studies in Enugu State of Nigeria
ii Compare the population data gotten from National population
commission for Achara Layout, Enugu state and that estimated
using GIS and Remote sensing methods for Achara Layout, Enugu
State
iii Show the population density in Achara Layout Enugu State Nigeria
15 SCOPE OF WORK
A good census estimate of a country population can help a country plan for present and future development and so much more The data
generated from population census are analyzed and used to calculate for various needs like gender ratio, indigenes and non-indigenes, migrants and
immigrants etc Attempts to conduct a reliable post-independence census have been mired in controversy especially using the traditional methods of
head counting Modern GIS & Remote Sensing is capable of fulfilling many of these requirements for an automated Population Census estimation within a
short period of time The Data so obtained shall be used for future projections using certain parameter obtained on field visitation-
The scope of work revolves around Achara Layout Enugu, Enugu State as this is a good site to show case some of the capabilities of GIS because this area is
fully built up and its right about the oldest layout settlement in Enugu Metropolis
16 STUDY AREA
Enugu is a large city in the Eastern region of the Nigeria with geographic coordinates 6°30′N 7°30′E Enugu State is one of the states in the
eastern part of Nigeria and occupies a total area of 7,161 km2 (2,765 Sqmi)The state shares borders with Abia State and Imo State to the south, Ebonyi
State to the east, Benue State to the northeast, Kogi State to the northwest and Anambra State to the west Enugu State has a population of over 33 million
people and counting It is home of the Igbo of south-eastern Nigeria
Achara Layout is located in Enugu South of Enugu State of Nigeria Enugu South is a local Government Area of Enugu State Its headquarters are
in the city of Enugu It has an area of about 106 km² and a population of about 244,852 at the 2006 census
Achara Layout is one of the areas of Enugu that was mapped out in the 1960s and has grown from a residential suburb to a major commercial area
especially along Agbani Road, the main high street; the streets are heavily built up It can be assessed from all parts of Enugu The figure 1 is the Google Image of Achara Layout
17 BENEFITS AND CONTRIBUTIONS
The use of Geographic information system shall benefit National Population Commission and contribute to the development of Nigeria in the
following ways:
1 Site location
2 Provision and Access to social amenities information where detailed attributes about individual age distribution and human concentration are obtained, etc
3 Availability of population data which is accessible via GIS and is easily updated
4 Availability of digital maps that can be used as guides
5 Creation of as-built drawings that have been geo-referenced and digitized
6 Field access to flexible data, based on street- aids in finding street and information about areas, and other information can still be inputted
7 Used existing building, to build an integrated building / block system data source
8 It can be used to define long and short term action for map updates and data cleanup that will move the City forward for the long term data set and data management
9 Creation of Zone maps, boundary maps were very important; this will assist in planning and organizing excavation, rehabilitation and election voting systematically
10 It can be used to coordinate and manage Service calls since location of streets and building information can be viewable in GIS
11 Ability to view other City facilities and data in conjunction with street data
12 Draw and design plan and profile of streets
13 It can improve better head counting of populates
14 Provision of improved operational efficiencies
15 Ability to query to extract information
16 Time and money savings
17 Better and timely decisions
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