This work was carried out to investigate the effects of Burantashi extract on liver enzymes of albino male and female whistar rats. Burantashi is a popular seasoning agent to barbecued meat (suya) in Nigeria,mostly found in the northern part of the Nigeria. Liver Enzymes are those enzymes that plays important role in the liver both in function and regulation. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as the consistent or recurrent inability of a man to attain or maintain penile erection, sufficient for sexual activity (2 nd) International consultation on sexual Dysfunction Paris, June 28th July 1st, 2003). Following the discovery and introduction of Burantashi research on the mechanism underlying penile erection, has had an enormous boost and many preclinical and clinical papers have been published in the last five years on the peripheral regulation of, and the mediators involved in human penile erection. The most widely accepted risk factors for ED are discussed. The research is focused on human data and the safety and effectiveness of Burantasni Stem as a phosphodiesterase -5- Inhibitors (PDE-5) used to treat Erectile Dysfunctions.

1 Anatomy of the Penis

2 The Penis Vacuum Device

3 The Penis Prosthesis

4 The Anterior view of the Human Liver

5 The Interior view of the Human Liver

6 The Superior View of the Human Liver

7 Liver Lobules

8 Chart Showing Blood and Bile Flow Through the Liver

1 Extract Yield of Ethanol Extract and Aqueous Extract

2 Phytochemical Properties of Extract

3 Effect of Extracts in Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transferase (SGOT)

Activity of Whistar Rats

4 Effect of Extract on Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT)

Activity of Whistar Rats

5 Effect of Extracts On Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) Activity of Whistar

Rats

6 Effect of Extracts on Plasma Glutathione S-Transferase Activity (iu/L) of

Whistar Rats

Title Page i

Certification ii

Dedication iii

Acknowledgement iv

Abstract v

List of Tables vi

List Figures vii

Table of Content viii

10 Introduction 1

11 Physiology of Erection 1

12 Hormonal Involvement In Erection 2

13 Mechanism of Action of PDE 5 Inhibition In erectile Dysfunction 3

14 Nitric Oxide Regulation of Penile Erection 6

15 Atieology of Erectile Dysfunction 8

16 Prevalence of Erectile Dysfunction in Males 9

17 Prevalence of Erectile Dysfunction in Females 10

18 Aim of Study 11

20 Literature Review 12

21 Literature Review on Male Erectile Dysfunction (ED) 12

211 Anatomy of the Penis 12

212 How Erection Occur in Males 13

213 How Erection is Sustained 13

214 Causes of Erectile Dysfunction in Males 14

215 Physical Causes of ED in Males 14

216 Psychological Causes of ED in Males 19

217 Diagnosis of Erectile Dysfunction 20

218 Patient History 20

219 Physical Examination 22

2110 Laboratory test 22

2111 Psychological Examination 23

21 12 Treatment of Males Impotence 23

22 Literature Review on Female Erectile Dysfunction 34

221 Anatomy of the Female External Genitalia 34

222 How Women Attain Clitoral Erection 36

223 Causes of ED in Females 36

224 Physical Causes of ED in Females 36

225 Psychological Causes of ED in Females 39

226 Diagnosis of Females Erectile Dysfunction 40

227 Treatment of Female Erectile Dysfunction 40

23 Literature Review on Burantashi (Pausinystaliajohimbe) 41

231 Specie Identity 41

232 Taxonomy 41

233 History 42

234 Mechanism of Action 42

235 Botanic Description 43

236 Ecology and Distribution 44

237 Propagation and Management 44

238 Tree Management 45

239 Germplasm Management 45

2310 Functional Uses 45

2311 Medicinal Uses 46

2312 Pests and Diseases 47

24 The Liver 47

241 Anatomy of the Liver 47

242 Histology 48

243 Structure of the Liver 50

244 Function of The Liver 54

245 Liver Infections/ Diseases 56

246 Liver Enzymes/ Functions 61

247 Alanine Transaminase (AIT) 62

248 Aspartate Transaminase (AST) 62

249 Alkatine Phosphatase (AIP) 63

2410 Total Bilirubin (TBIL) 63

2411 Birect Bilirubin (Conjugated Bilirubin) 63

2412 Gamma GlutamylTranspeptidase (GGT) 64

24135’ Nucleotidase (5’ NTD) 64

2414 Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) 64

25 Phytochemicals 65

251 Functions of Phytochemicals 65

30 Materials 71

31 Method 75

40 Result 83

50 Discussion and Conclusion 89

51 Discussion 89

52 Conclusion 89