BIOCONVERSION OF UREA AND METHIONINE SUPPLEMENTED SORGHUM BEER RESIDUE INTO PROTEIN BIOMASS FOR BROILER RATIONS
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Department of Agricultural Science
ABSTRACT
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In a laboratory study aimed at determining the effect on nutrient composition of sorghum beer residue (SBR) supplemented with urea and methionine and passed through a 2nd fermentation process. Four (4) levels of urea (0.5,1.0,1.5 and 2.0%) and four (4) levels of methionine (0.29, 0.33, 0.37, and 0.41%)were mixed which resulted in a total of sixteen (16) urea to methionine mixing ratios. Sixteen (16) samples of SBR were treated with the 16 urea and methionine ratios and subjected to 4 days fermentation with bovine rumen liquor as inoculum. SBRsupplementation with urea to methionine ratio of 1.5: 0.37 % after 4 days fermentation resulted in significant increase in protein biomass from 21.73 to 38.19%. The protein biomass produced contained all the essential amino acids which were superior compared to those of groundnut cake (GNC) and other feed ingredients.In an experimental trial, the effect of feeding urea and methionine supplemented and refermented SBR (RSBR) at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% replacement levels in broiler chickens starter and finisher diets were investigated. Five dietary treatments were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric to provide 23 and 20.5% crude protein (CP) for starter and finisher diets respectively. Three hundred and forty-five (345) day-old broiler chicks (Zam breed) were randomly allocated to 15 pens in groups of 23 birds per pen. The five diets (replicated three times) were randomly allocated to the pens of broilers on deep litter concrete flooring.(At the end of starter and finisher phases, daily feed intake (DFI), weight (WG) gain, feed: gain (F/G) ratio and feed cost per kilogram (kg) of body weight gain were evaluated). Daily feed intake of broiler chickens on 50 and 75% RSBR diets were similar (P>0.05) and significantly higher (P<0.05) than those on other diets during the starter phase but during the finisher phase, DFI of birds on 50 and 100% RSBR were similar (P>0.05) and significantly different (P<0.05) compared to those on control and other diets. Daily weight gain (DWG) of birds on 25, 50 and 75% RSBR were as good (P>0.05) as the control diet at starter period. The daily weight gain of birds on the control, 25 and 50% RSBR diets were similar (P>0.05) but better than that of birds on 75 and 100% RSBR diets during the finisher period. Feed to gain ratio of birds fed the control and 25% RSBR inclusion levels were similar (P>0.05) and better (P<0.05) than those fed on other diets during the starter and finisher periods respectively. Feed cost per kg gain of body weight of birds on 25 and 50% RSBR starter and finisher diets were similar to the control diet, and significantly lower (P<0.05) compared to that of birds on 75 and 100% RSBR. Mortality of birds during the eight-week trial on the treatments was low. Dressing percentage of birds on 50% RSBR diet was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those on control and other diets. Heart and gizzard percentages of birds on 100% RSBR diet were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those on control and other diets.The parked cell volume, hemoglobin and total protein concentrations (g/dl) were within normal values.This study indicates that economically, up to 50% of RSBR could replace GNC in the diets of starter and finisher broiler birds respectively without adverse effect on growth performance and carcass yield.In a second feeding trial, performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed 75% urea and methionine treated and fermented sorghum beer residue (RSBR) diets supplemented with and viii without enzymes (Nutriad®(N), Zymos-N® (Z) and Fullzyme® (F)) were investigated. Three hundred and forty five (345) day-old broiler chicks were randomly assign to five (5) dietary treatments with three (3) replicates (15 pens), each consisting of twenty three (23) birds in a completely randomized design. Diets 1 (control), 2, 3, 4, and 5 contained 0% RSBR, 75% RSBR, 75% RSBR plus Nutriad (+ N), 75% RSBR plus Zymos-N(+Z) and 75% RSBR plus Fullzyme(+F) respectively. The daily feed intake and weight gain of birds on +N and +Z diets were similar (P>0.05) but significantly higher (P<0.05) than those on control, 2 and 5 (+F) diets during the starter and finisher periods. The feed to weight gain ratio during the starter period were similar (P>0.05) for birds on all enzymes supplemented diets but significantly lower (P<0.05) compared to birds on control. During the finisher phase, the feed to gain ratio was least (P<.0.05) with birds on +N diet and highest (P<.0.05) with birds on 75% RSBR diet. While feed cost per kg gain was significantly lower (P<0.05) during the starter phase for birds on +F.The least feed cost per kg gain during the finisher period was shown by birds on +N diet compared to that of birds on other diets. The dressing and thigh weight percentages were significantly higher (P<0.05) for birds on +N diet compared to those on control and other diets. The heart and gizzard percentage for birds on 75% RSBR were significantly higher (P<.0.05) compared to that for birds on other diets. This study indicated that feeding 75% RSBR supplemented with Nutriad and Zymos-N enzymes supported growth performance and carcass yield at lower feed cost per kilogram of broiler chicken weight produced
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