EFFECT OF TELEVISION VIEWING ON THE MORAL BEHAVIOUR OF NIGERIAN CHILDREN

(A STUDY OF GAIUS BENTON SCHOOLS)

By

OSAKWE JAMES AFAM

Presented To

Department of Office Technology

ABSTRACT

The deterioration of the moral life of children who grow into youthful age and then into adulthood in the face of immoralities has become an issue which needs urgent action in today's Nigerian society. This can be attributed to a lot of reasons but the mass media with us Persuasive messages cannot be exonerated. Television being a viable medium of the mass media stands at the fore in shaping the attitudes of children. This research work has therefore made a good attempt at unrevealing the various effects of television programmes on Nigerian children using Gaius Benton schools as a pivot. In this regards, a historical background of events bading to this study and analysis of findings and recommendations are duly presented. It is found in this research work that television programmes affect children's moral behaviour both positively and negatively depending on the moral standards of the programme. The appraised and critical examination of issues are the mainstay of this research work thus, if the recommendation are heeded it will help in enforcing and maintaining good, upright and acceptable moral behaviour in Nigerian children.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page i

Declaration ii

Certification iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgment v

Table of contents vii

Abstract xi

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

11 Background of the study 1

12 Statement of the problem 8

13 Objectives of the study 9

14 Significance of the study 10

15 Research Questions 11

16 Scope of the study 12

17 Limitation of the study 13

18 Operational Definitions of terms 13

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

21 Introduction 16

22 Concept of Television 18

23 Brief History of Television 19

24 Television as a medium for mass comm 20

25 Television as an instrument of social animals 22

26 Media Influence on children 24

27 Impact of Television Viewing on Children 20

28 Theoretical Framework 36

29 Summary of Literature Review 39

CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

31 Introduction 41

32 Research Design 41

33 Population of study 42

34 Sample Size 43

35 Sampling Techniques 45

36 Instrument for Data Collection 47

37 Validity of instrument 48

38 Method of Data Analysis 48

CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

41 Introduction 49

42 Data presentation and analysis 49

43 Discussion 57

CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

51 Introduction 60

52 Summary of Findings 61

53 Conclusion 63

54 Recommendations 64

55 Recommendations for Further Studies 66

References 67

Appendix 70

Questionnaire 77



CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

11 BACKGROUND OF STUDY

Television is a sight and sound medium through which messages and information ideas are communicated to a wide range of audience

Television viewing is a common activity engaged in by children, especially in this era of proliferation of television as a medium for communication

To this end, television messages are broadcast for certain purposes, this implies that television through it's programmers' has certain influence on individuals as including children

This chapter presents an overview of television and a brief history of television It also encapsulates the statement of problem of this research work, the objective of this study, significance and the scope of study, research question as well as operational definition of certain terms

Television has made tremendous impact on Nigeria society and in the world at large It possesses immense power to influence the viewer and sharpen his sensitivity in all spheres of life Various theories have been propounded by different scholars, some of which support the fact that the media possess immense power in influencing the viewer, while others have consistently countered the notion

Television as one of the world's most amazing inventions has come to stay and has over the years been a veritable channel for communication in the world

The effects of television on adults can be significant but its influence in children goes much deeper The increasing rate of immoralities in the society today among youths can be easily attributed to inventions of technologies like television, internet, films and motion pictures by an average Nigerian

This study therefore is an examines the influence television viewing exacts on Nigerian children Gaius Benton schools; cut across all sections of children from nursery, primary to secondary school

It x-rays how the moral behaviour of children can be affected by television viewing which can be positive or negative

Television is viewed in almost every home by people of all ages, the senile, parents, youths, children even infants

The intensity of viewing by children and the extended periods of time over which they view television raises concern for their moral development

The world today is said to be a global village thus issues, events and experiences going on in one part of the world can be seen instantly by people in other parts People have more information about what is going on in world's events than any other generation in human history

Television over the years has played a pivotal role in the lives of individuals particularly children The rapid growth of television after the World War II brought entertainment and information into the homes of many

Large space communication was achieved in 1962 when a space probe radioed data, was moved back to the earth as it speed past the planet venues The satellite made possible the broadcast over television between Europe and the United States of America and today, the rest of the world

Cable television arrived in the 1970's to most areas of the United States and now, to other parts of the world" Akpan (2002, p19) the use of television was expanded by the use of home videos and dick system

Television uses a person-to-person communication gestures, facial expression to effect communication to it's audience

Television as a broadcast medium has its main functions of information, education and entertainment on a wide range of subjects An average child has access to but a small part of such information but it's influence cannot be over emphasized for a look they say is worth more than a thousand words

Television programmes may contain historical, scientific social, religious, economic and other matters Those programmes when viewed especially by children broaden their cosmological perspectives thereby giving them better insight into happenings around him

Television has served as a viable tool for instruction on religions matters It has also served in experimental purposes When properly used, quality television introduces children to a world beyond their classroom and motivate them to learn Because children relate easily to television as a medium they are familiar with, they are more apt to absorb the material they learn from it

The amount of television programmes watched by children has caused considerable concern for parents and educators alike It is thought that children remain glued to the television set for long periods of time, viewing unsuitable programmes which a=mat adversely affect not only their cognitive but emotional development No doubt, children are susceptible to the images which they see on the television This therefore stress the fact that immoral programmes can to a large extent affect the morality of children all over the country and the would at large

Communication through the television can be referred to as purposive because the information disseminated are meant to affect the audience positively or negatively That is, it has a variety of consequences which may be direct or indirect

Such effects or consequences include such factors as emotional response, attitudinal shift or changes in a child's view of the world after exposure to certain kinds of media

Children have the capacity to give themselves over completely to the world created by pictorial media (television) Such intense involvement often leads to storing emotional response and to a large extent affect the moral behaviour of children

12 Statement of Problem

Many people think that television viewing does not have lasting positive or negative effect on children Studies have shown through analysis of the effects of television programmes over the years that the effects of television viewing on children is great

This study seeks to find out the degree or extent to which the children of Gaius Benton schools have been affected by television viewing and to establish if there are programmes on television that can enhance or mar the moral behavior of the children match

There have been cases where children fold papers and light them up with attempts to practice cigarette smoking, having watched the action on the screen of television

The kinds of clothing children see on television seems to shape their demands on parents who purchase clothes for their children, especially at festive periods All these acts and more are caused as a result of visuals on the screen of television

13 Objectives of Study

The major objective of this study is to determine the impact of television viewing on the moral behaviour of Nigerian children

- To examine the benefits derived by children from television viewing

- To determine the negative as well as the positive affects of television on the lives of Nigerian children

- To determine how the effects affect other members of the family and the Nigerian society at large

- To encourage television stations to promote generally acceptable social values and norms, foster the spirit of self discipline and generally accepted moral standards through the programmes watched by children

14 Significance of Study

This study is immensely important especially to Nigerian parents because it will help to inform them on the effects of television on the moral behaviour of their children as it will help them determine what programmes to expose their children to

This study will serve as a means of future research for media researchers, scholars and students

It will also help media ie television stations know the right type of programmes to air for children consumption so as to build morals and not kill morals in children

15 Research Questions

The researcher of this work has prepared certain questions to help in the course of his study

i Do children derive benefit from television viewing?

ii Does it have positive or negative effect on the moral life of the children?

iii How does this affect other members of the family and the society at large?

iv Can television programmes maintain standards that can ensure acceptable moral behaviour of children?

16 Scope of the Study

This study covers the effect of television viewing on the moral behaviour of Nigerian children Gains Benton Schools as a representation of children of all ages serves as the case study of this research work

Although, the main function of television as a sight and sound medium is to inform, entertain and educate its audience This study will reveal the extent it does these with respect to the effects of viewing habit of children of Gains Benton Schools where the work is countered

This research work is based on a sample of children between the ages of two (2) to eighteen (18) years of age (Nursery to secondary school age)

17 Limitation of Study

The greatest limitation to this study is time factor There is limited time for the researcher to explore the topic

Secondly, some of the children are too small and can neither read no write or even respond to questions through interview Also, some of the respondents, students/pupils are too naive as they feel that the questions will be used against them

Finally, financial constraint is another set back encountered by the researcher

18 Operational Definition of Terms

The contextual definition of certain terms are considered important on this study by the research

Television : Television is an electronic device that utilizes motion pictures, sound and light in disseminating information to a wide and diversified audience to create an effect

Television is the medium that possess credibility audio visual qualities and can be utilized in virtually development communication (Nwosu, 2005, p164)

Moral : The word moral comes from a Latin word "Moralis" which means custom or manner (Okunna, 2003, p1)

Morals are principles and beliefs concerning right and wrong behaviour

Effect : This means a cause, a result or an outcome It is a change produced by an action

Behaviour : This means the way a child acts or function

Children : This is the plural of the noun child A child is a young person (a boy or a girl) within pre primary, primary and post primary school age, (2 - 18 yrs)


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