SUBSTANCE USE AMONG OUT-OF-SCHOOL ADOLESCENTS

(A CASE STUDY OF BWARI AREA COUNCIL OF THE FEDERAL CAPITAL TERRITORY ABUJA)

By

Author

Presented To

Department of Medicine

ABSTRACT
Substance use among adolescents has become one of the most disturbing health related phenomena world wide, with consequent physical, social and or mental complications. This menace could ruin the life and future of our youths, community and the nation in general. United Nations Children Fund estimates that globally, there are about 120 million out of school adolescents and 20 million of them live in the sub-Saharan Africa. Although there is no known statistics for out of school adolescents in Nigeria, but national population commissions census of 2006 documented that 48% of the national population are under the age of 18 years. UNICEF also reported in 2005 that 7.3% of school age children in Nigeria are not in school. Presently poverty, political instability, social unrest and internally displaced persons problem have further increased the number of out of school adolescents in Nigeria. Adolescents impaired by substances are at risk of injury, falls, car crashes, drowning and being used as ready tools to unleash violence and terror during episodes of political and religious crisis, which has been quite frequent in northern Nigeria. This study was undertaken to establish the types, nature, factors associated with and prevalence of substance use among out of school adolescents in Bwari Area Council of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. A descriptive cross-sectional study was employed to generate data on 400 respondents. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to collect quantitative data using a modified pretested interviewer administered WHO questionnaire. Qualitative data was also generated using focus group discussions. A total of 400 out of school adolescents aged 10-19 years were studied. Out of whom, majority (74.5%) were males. The mean duration of schooling of the respondents was found to be 5.5 ±2.8 years. About half (56.8%) of them lived with both parents until 19 years. A little more than a quarter (28.1%) were unemployed and only 42.8% had a legal source of income. The prevalence of substance use was 44.8%. Out of the 179 respondents who had ever used a substance in their lives, nearly all (96.1%) of them had used a month prior to this study. The commonest substances used by subjects were tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and opiates with multiple drug usage at the same time. There was a statistically significant association between age and substance use (2 =10.82, df =1, p< .001) and also control of leisure time and substance use (2= 45.73, df = 1, p< 0.001). The study revealed that factors, which influenced substance use among the study population, include peer group influence, availability, accessibility, family members using and lack of supervision, as well as poverty, and lack of constructive leisure time activity as reasons for substance use. The consequences of their use are dangerous to the adolescents, community and the nation in general. The prevalence of substance use is quite high in this often neglected and poorly educated group of adolescents. There is an urgent need for policy makers to recognize and curtail this menace.