INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) DEPLOYMENT IN ARCHITECTURAL FIRMS IN NIGERIA
By
Oladipo Ayodeji DARE-ABEL - MAT NO. – CUGP/05/140
Presented To
Department of Architecture
ABSTRACT
Architectural practice has been in existence in Nigeria for more than fifty years and the earliest introduction of computers by firms for operations began in the early 1980s.
Information and communication technology (ICT) usage is inevitable in all fields of
endeavours and for professionals in the present era. The study of ICT usage and deployment
therefore becomes imperative. This study aims at providing an understanding of the deployment of ICT in architectural firms in Nigeria. It specifically examines organizational
and ICT characteristics of the firms; the measure of fit between ICT tools deployed and tasks
engaged; the effect of training programmes on the availability of ICT proficient personnel; and the level of acceptance of Computer Supported Collaborative Work (CSCW) in
architectural firms in Nigeria. The Task-Technology Fit model (TTF) and an Extended
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) were employed to test deployment of four design
technologies (AutoCAD, ArchiCAD, Revit Architecture and SketchUp) and the acceptance
of CSCW. The multistage sampling technique was used to derive the sample drawn from six
cities: Abuja, Kaduna, Maiduguri, Enugu, Lagos and Portharcourt were selected based on
documented evidence of having the largest number of firms in their zones. A total of 118
questionnaires were returned from a total of 159 distributed. This represents a 74.21% return
rate. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, crosstabulations, Chi-
Square tests, exploratory factor analysis, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and multiple
regression analysis. The study revealed improvements in the quality and availability of ICT
systems in architectural firms in Nigeria as from 2001. Internet connectivity and Website
ownership is on the increase in architectural firms. Annual turnover of the architectural firms
has is positively correlated to the quality of installed systems. The study also found a
relationship between ownership of websites and the date of ICT introduction. The integrated
TTF/TAM test showed levels of fit between tasks engaged in architectural firms and the
design technologies deployed. The model tests explain between 41.4% - 52.1% of the
residual variation in the production of detailed system product. The coefficients of
determination and beta coefficients are significant to predict model fit of deployment.
Reasonable proficiency levels of the staff in the deployment of the available software and
technologies were confirmed. Furthermore firms are getting increasingly involved in
outsourcing as a service delivery strategy. The study revealed that few firms fund training
programmes within their organizations. Most of those that fund training programs commit
lower than a million naira to it annually. The study revealed that there is no significant
relationship between the availability of CAD/BIM proficient staff and the existence of
training programmes within the firms. It was also confirmed that there was no significant
relationship between the availability of CAD/BIM proficient staff and the training methods
employed by the firms. It was found that there was a significant relationship between the
availability of CAD/BIM proficient staff and the CAD/BIM proficient staff needed. The
interview responses suggest that the schools of architecture have done much towards
achieving the availability of CAD/BIM proficient staff. CSCW has been adopted by only
37.3% of the firms and the study revealed that perceived ease-of-use, security and the quality
of installed systems were predictors of the extended TAM model. In conclusion, the study
recommends that concerted efforts towards developing network infrastructure especially
broadband access can improve the practice of outsourcing and also have impact on CSCW.
Quality investment and commitment by technology companies and vendors, firms, the
government and other stakeholders in the area of ICT acquisitions, network security and the
development of user-friendly technologies will surely improve adoption and deployment of
ICT in architectural firms in Nigeria.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - i
Declaration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ii
Certification - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - iii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - iv
Acknowledgements - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - v
Abstract - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - vi
Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - vii
List of Tables - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - xiii
List of Figures - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - xv
List of Plates - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - xvii
Chapter One: Introduction
11 Background to the Study - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
12 Statement of the Problem - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3
13 Aim and Objectives - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5
14 Research Hypothesis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5
15 Justification of the Research - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6
16 Research Design - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7
17 Scope of Study - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8
18 Limitation of Study - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8
19 Key Definitions and Concepts - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9
110 Summary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11
Chapter Two: Review of Literature
21 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12
22 Architecture and the Architect - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12
23 Scope of Architectural services - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14
231 Scope of Services - - - - - - - - - - - - - p; 232 Normal Architectural Service: The Three Stages - - - - - - - 15
24 Architectural Practice in Nigeria - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16
241 Architecture and Regulatory Institutions in Nigeria - - - - - - 18
25 Historical Account from CAD to BIM - - - - - - - - - - - - 19
251 The Advent and Development of the Computer - - - - - - - - 19
252 Evolution and Development of CAD, CAAD and Graphic Packages - - 20
253 Evolution of Communication Systems - - - - - - - - - - 22
26 The Real and the Virtual - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23
27 ICT Applications in Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - - - - 24
271 Areas of Applications of ICT in Architectural Firms - - - - - - - 24
28 ICT Adoption and Deployment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25
281 General Administrative Application - - - - - - - - - - - 26
282 Core Architectural Applications - - - - - - - - - - - - 27
283 Computer Aided Design (2D and 3D CAD) - - - - - - - - 27
284 CAAD as Distinct from CAD - - - - - - - - - - - - 30
285 Digital Object Library (DOL) - - - - - - - - - - - - 30
286 Design and Virtual Modelling - - - - - - - - - - - - 30
287 Animations and Simulations - - - - - - - - - - - - 32
288 5D Modelling - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 32
29 BIM and Its Significance to Architectural services - - - - - - - - - 33
291 Challenges of BIM Solutions - - - - - - - - - - - - - 34
210 Web-Based Deployment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 35
211 Human Resource for CAD, CAAD and BIM - - - - - - - - - - 38
2111 Outsourcing - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40
2112 Training - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 42
212 Hardware and System Requirements - - - - - - - - - - - - - 44
213 Challenges of ICT Deployment in Nigerian Firms - - - - - - - - - 45
2131 Security - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 46
2132 Availability - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 47
2133 Accessibility - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 48
2134 Affordability - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 48
214 Productivity Gains from ICT Deployment - - - - - - - - - - - 49
215 Summary of Chapter - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 50
Chapter Three: Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
31 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 52
32 Research Approaches and perspectives in the Study of ICT in Organizations - - 52
321 The positivist Perspective - - - - - - - - - - - - - 52
322 The Interpretive Perspective - - - - - - - - - - - - 54
323 The Critical Perspective - - - - - - - - - - - - - 54
33 Theoretical Framework for the Study - - - - - - - - - - - - 55
34 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) - - - - - - - - - - - 55
35 Task-Technology Fit (TTF) Model - - - - - - - - - - - - 57
36 Summary of Chapter - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 60
Chapter Four: Research Methodoloour: Research Methodology
41 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 61
42 Research Design - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 61
43 Research Population - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 62
44 Subjects - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 62
45 The Sampling Frame - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 62
46 Sampling Technique - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 65
47 Sample Size - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 66
48 Pilot Study - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 69
49 Method of Data Collection - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 69
491 Questionnaire/Interview Design - - - - - - - - - - - - 70
492 Data Collection and Treatment - - - - - - - - - - - - 70
493 Field Work Details - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 77
411 Summary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 78
Chapter Five: Organization and Information and Communication Technology
Characteristics of Architectural Firms
51 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 80
52 Period of Establishment of Firms - - - - - - - - - - - - - 80
53 Date of ICT Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 81
54 Number of Branches Operated - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 82
55 Annual Turnover of Firms - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 83
56 ICT Characteristics of Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - - - - 85
561 Availability of Websites - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 85
562 Number of Available Workstations - - - - - - - - - - - 86
563 Quality of Installed Systems - - - - - - - - - - - - - 87
564 Operating System Used - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 87
565 Availability of Internet Connectivity - - - - - - - - - - - 88
566 Forms of Internet Connectivity - - - - - - - - - - - - - 89
567 Internet Service Providers (ISP) - - - - - - - - - - - - 89
568 Mode of Connectivity Deployed - - - - - - - - - - - - 90
57 Annual Turnover and Quality of Installed Systems - - - - - - - - - 91
58 Website Availability and Date of ICT Introduction - - - - - - - - - 94
59 Implications of Findings - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 94
510 Summary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 95
Chapter Six: Task Technology Fit in the Deployment of Design Technologies in
Architectural Firms
61 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 97
62 Task Significance in Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - - - - 97
63 Task Technology Fit Model - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 99
64 Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) of TTF Constructs for Design Technologies - 100
641 AutoCAD Deployment EFA - - - - - - - - - - - - 101
642 ArchiCAD Deployment EFA - - - - - - - - - - - - 102
643 Revit Architecture Deployment EFA - - - - - - - - - - 103
644 SketchUP Deployment EFA - - - - - - - - - - - - 104
65 Task-AutoCAD (TTF) Model - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 105
651 Hypothesis Test - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 108
66 ArchiCAD TTF Models - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 111
661 Hypothesis Test - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 111
67 Revit (Architecture) TTF Models - - - - - - - - - - - - - 112
671 Hypothesis Test - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 113
68 SketchUp TTF Model - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 114
681 Hypothesis Test - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 116
69 Implications of Findings - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 116
610 Summary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 118
Chapter Seven: Human Capital Availability and Capability of Architectural Firms
71 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 120
72 Number of Staff in the Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - - - 120
73 Staff with Architectural Training - - - - - - - - - - - - - 121
74 Draughtsmen in Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - - - - - 122
75 CAD Literate Personnel - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 123
76 BIM Literate Personnel - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 123
77 Staff Proficiency Levels with Design Technologies - - - - - - - - 123
771 Staff Proficiency Levels AutoCAD - - - - - - - - - - 124
772 Staff Proficiency Levels ArchiCAD - - - - - - - - - - 125
773 Staff Proficiency Levels Revit Architecture - - - - - - - - 126
774 Staff Proficiency Levels â€" SketchUp - - - - - - - - - - 127
775 Staff Levels of Proficiency in the deployment of the Internet - - - - 128
776 Staff Proficiency Levels â€" Autodesk Buzzsaw - - - - - - - - 129
777 Staff Proficiency Levels â€" Renderers - - - - - - - - - - 130
778 Staff Proficiency Levels â€" Other Software - - - - - - - - - 131
78 Outsourcing in Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - - - - - - 132
781 Adoption of Outsourcing - - - - - - - - - - - - - 133
782 Services Previously Outsourced - - - - - - - - - - - - 133
783 Services Currently Outsourced - - - - - - - - - - - - 134
784 The Future: Services Considered for Outsourcing - - - - - - - 135
790 Existence of Staff Training Programmes - - - - - - - - - - - 136
710 Training Methods Employed - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 137
711 Funding for training programmes - - - - - - - - - - - - - 138
712 Availability of CAD/BIM Proficient Staff and the Existence of
Training Programmes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 139
713 Availability of CAD/BIM Proficient Staff and CAD/BIM Staff Needed - - 141
714 Availability of CAD /BIM proficient staff and Training Methods in
Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 142
715 Implications of Findings - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 144
716 Summary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 145
Chapter Eight: Acceptance of Computer Supported Collaborative Work in
Architectural Firms in Nigeria
81 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 147
82 Adoption of CSCW in Architectural firms - - - - - - - - - - - 147
83 The Regression Analysis of the Extended TAM Model - - - - - - - 148
84 The Revised Extended TAM model - - - - - - - - - - - - - 151
85 Implications of Findings - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 152
86 Summary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 152
Chapter Nine: Summary, Discussions and Conclusions
91 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 153
92 Overview of the Study - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 153
93 Summary of Findings - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 156
94 Discussion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 158
95 Areas of Future Study - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 163
96 Contribution to Knowledge - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 163
97 Recommendations - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 164
98 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 164
References - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 166
Appendices - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 178
LIST OF TABLES
Table 21 Report of the number of Architects, firms and firm/membership ratio - - 19
Table 22 Major Design and Collaboration technologies and their Classification - - 35
Table 41 Table showing the distribution of licensed architectural firms in the various
cities across the country (2004, 2006, 2008 and 2010) - - - - - - 63
Table 42 Table showing the distribution of licensed architectural firms in the various
cities across the country with respect to geographical grouping (2008) - - 64
Table 43 Table showing the sample of licensed architectural firms in the various
selected cities across the country - - - - - - - - - - - - 67
Table 44 Table showing the number, percentage of duly completed questionnaire and
overall response rate - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 69
Table 45 Definition of Variables - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 74
Table 51 Correlation Matrix relating Seven Characteristics of Sampled
Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 84
Table 52 Annual turnover and quality of installed systems Cross tabulation - - - 92
Table 53 Website Availability and Date of ICT Introduction Cross tabulation - - 93
Table 61 Frequency of Tasks in Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - - 99
Table 62 Variables Extracted/Factor loadings for AutoCAD dataset - - - - - 102
Table 63 Variables Extracted/Factor loadings for ArchiCAD dataset - - - - 103
Table 64 Variables Extracted/Factor loadings for Revit Architecture dataset - - 104
Table 65 Variables Extracted/Factor loadings for SketchUP dataset - - - - - 105
Table 66 Model Summary for AutoCAD TTF/TAM Test - - - - - - - 107
Table 67 Model Summary for ArchiCAD TTF/TAM Test - - - - - - - 110
Table 68 Model Summary for Revit Architecture TTF - - - - - - - - 115
Table 69 Model Summary for SketchUp TTF/TAM Test - - - - - - - 124
Table 71 Staff Mean Proficiency Levels in the Available ICT Tools - - - - - 133
Table 72 Average Percentage of firms’ staff per Proficiency Level - - - - - 149
Table 81 Model Summary for CSCW TAM Test - - - - - - - - - - 143
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 21 Operational Structure of AutoCAD Showing the Link between Graphic,
Numeric and Visual Data in the Production of a Complete CAD
Document - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29
Figure 22 Graphical Description of the relationship between the Internet, Extranet and
Intranet - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 37
Figure 23 Personnel levels, Roles and relationships within an ICT driven Firm - - 39
Figure 31 Technology Acceptance Model - - - - - - - - - - - - 55
Figure 32 Extended Technology Acceptance Model - - - - - - - - - 56
Figure 33 Task-Technology Fit Model - - - - - - - - - - - - - 57
Figure 34 Integrated TAM/TTF Model - - - - - - - - - - - - - 58
Figure 35 Integrated TAM/TTF Model for the study showing the various constructs - 59
Figure 41 Chart showing the distribution of Architectural firms in the sample - - 78
Figure 51 Architectural Firms’ Year of Establishment - - - - - - - - - 81
Figure 52 Architectural Firms’ Date of ICT Introduction - - - - - - - - 82
Figure 53 Number of Branches Operated by Architectural Firms - - - - - - 83
Figure 54 Architectural Firms’ Annual Turnover - - - - - - - - - - 83
Figure 55 Availability of Websites by Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - 85
Figure 56 Number of Available Workstations in Architectural Firms - - - - - 86
Figure 57 Architectural Firms’ Quality of Installed Systems - - - - - - - 87
Figure 58 Operating System Utilized by Architectural Firms - - - - - - - 88
Figure 59 Availability of Internet Connectivity in Architectural Firms - - - - - 88
Figure 510 Forms of Connectivity Employed by Architectural Firms - - - - - 89
Figure 511 Mode of Connectivity Deployed by Architectural Firms - - - - - - 91
Figure 512 Annual turnover and quality of installed systems - - - - - - - 93
Figure 513 Bar Chart showing Website Availability and Date of ICT Introduction - 94
Figure 61 Architectural Firms’ Percentage Usage of design software - - - - 100
Figure 71 Number of Staff in the Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - - 121
Figure 72 Number of staff with architectural training in the firms - - - - - 122
Figure 73 Staff Level of Proficiency in the deployment of AutoCAD - - - - 125
Figure 74 Staff Level of Proficiency in the deployment of ArchiCAD - - - - 126
Figure 75 Staff Level of Proficiency in the deployment of Revit Architecture - - 127
Figure 76 Staff Level of Proficiency in the deployment of SketchUP - - - - 127
Figure 77 Staff Level of Proficiency in the deployment of Autodesk Buzzsaw - - 129
Figure 78 Staff Level of Proficiency in the deployment of Renderers - - - - 130
Figure 79 Staff Level of Proficiency in the deployment of other software - - - 131
Figure 710 Percentage of firms Outsourcing Major Tasks - - - - - - - - 135
Figure 711 Existence of Training Programmes in Architectural Firms - - - - - 136
Figure 712 Method of Training Programmes in Architectural Firms - - - - - 138
Figure 713 Funding for Training Programmes - - - - - - - - - - - 139
Figure 714 Availability of CAD/BIM Proficient Staff and CAD/BIM Staff Needed - 142
Figure 81 Adoption of CSCW by Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - - 148
Figure 82 Extended Technology Acceptance Model for the Acceptance/
Adoption of CSCW in Architectural Firms in Nigeria - - - - - - 151
LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1 A rendered AutoCAD view of a proposed State Assembly Complex - - 27
Plate 2 A rendered AutoCAD view of a proposed State Assembly Complex - - 28
Plate 3 A rendered Revit Architecture model - - - - - - - - - - 33
Plate 4 An Architect designing on a desktop system in the firm’s studio - - - 109
Plate 5 Arrangement of the Workstations in the Firm’s Studio - - - - - 140
Plate 6 Accommodation for Six CAD/BIM Proficient Staff in the Firm’s Studio - 143
Title Page - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - i
Declaration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ii
Certification - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - iii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - iv
Acknowledgements - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - v
Abstract - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - vi
Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - vii
List of Tables - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - xiii
List of Figures - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - xv
List of Plates - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - xvii
Chapter One: Introduction
11 Background to the Study - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
12 Statement of the Problem - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3
13 Aim and Objectives - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5
14 Research Hypothesis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5
15 Justification of the Research - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6
16 Research Design - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7
17 Scope of Study - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8
18 Limitation of Study - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8
19 Key Definitions and Concepts - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9
110 Summary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11
Chapter Two: Review of Literature
21 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12
22 Architecture and the Architect - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12
23 Scope of Architectural services - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14
231 Scope of Services - - - - - - - - - - - - - p; 232 Normal Architectural Service: The Three Stages - - - - - - - 15
24 Architectural Practice in Nigeria - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16
241 Architecture and Regulatory Institutions in Nigeria - - - - - - 18
25 Historical Account from CAD to BIM - - - - - - - - - - - - 19
251 The Advent and Development of the Computer - - - - - - - - 19
252 Evolution and Development of CAD, CAAD and Graphic Packages - - 20
253 Evolution of Communication Systems - - - - - - - - - - 22
26 The Real and the Virtual - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23
27 ICT Applications in Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - - - - 24
271 Areas of Applications of ICT in Architectural Firms - - - - - - - 24
28 ICT Adoption and Deployment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25
281 General Administrative Application - - - - - - - - - - - 26
282 Core Architectural Applications - - - - - - - - - - - - 27
283 Computer Aided Design (2D and 3D CAD) - - - - - - - - 27
284 CAAD as Distinct from CAD - - - - - - - - - - - - 30
285 Digital Object Library (DOL) - - - - - - - - - - - - 30
286 Design and Virtual Modelling - - - - - - - - - - - - 30
287 Animations and Simulations - - - - - - - - - - - - 32
288 5D Modelling - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 32
29 BIM and Its Significance to Architectural services - - - - - - - - - 33
291 Challenges of BIM Solutions - - - - - - - - - - - - - 34
210 Web-Based Deployment - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 35
211 Human Resource for CAD, CAAD and BIM - - - - - - - - - - 38
2111 Outsourcing - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40
2112 Training - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 42
212 Hardware and System Requirements - - - - - - - - - - - - - 44
213 Challenges of ICT Deployment in Nigerian Firms - - - - - - - - - 45
2131 Security - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 46
2132 Availability - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 47
2133 Accessibility - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 48
2134 Affordability - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 48
214 Productivity Gains from ICT Deployment - - - - - - - - - - - 49
215 Summary of Chapter - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 50
Chapter Three: Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
31 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 52
32 Research Approaches and perspectives in the Study of ICT in Organizations - - 52
321 The positivist Perspective - - - - - - - - - - - - - 52
322 The Interpretive Perspective - - - - - - - - - - - - 54
323 The Critical Perspective - - - - - - - - - - - - - 54
33 Theoretical Framework for the Study - - - - - - - - - - - - 55
34 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) - - - - - - - - - - - 55
35 Task-Technology Fit (TTF) Model - - - - - - - - - - - - 57
36 Summary of Chapter - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 60
Chapter Four: Research Methodoloour: Research Methodology
41 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 61
42 Research Design - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 61
43 Research Population - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 62
44 Subjects - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 62
45 The Sampling Frame - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 62
46 Sampling Technique - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 65
47 Sample Size - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 66
48 Pilot Study - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 69
49 Method of Data Collection - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 69
491 Questionnaire/Interview Design - - - - - - - - - - - - 70
492 Data Collection and Treatment - - - - - - - - - - - - 70
493 Field Work Details - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 77
411 Summary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 78
Chapter Five: Organization and Information and Communication Technology
Characteristics of Architectural Firms
51 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 80
52 Period of Establishment of Firms - - - - - - - - - - - - - 80
53 Date of ICT Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 81
54 Number of Branches Operated - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 82
55 Annual Turnover of Firms - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 83
56 ICT Characteristics of Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - - - - 85
561 Availability of Websites - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 85
562 Number of Available Workstations - - - - - - - - - - - 86
563 Quality of Installed Systems - - - - - - - - - - - - - 87
564 Operating System Used - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 87
565 Availability of Internet Connectivity - - - - - - - - - - - 88
566 Forms of Internet Connectivity - - - - - - - - - - - - - 89
567 Internet Service Providers (ISP) - - - - - - - - - - - - 89
568 Mode of Connectivity Deployed - - - - - - - - - - - - 90
57 Annual Turnover and Quality of Installed Systems - - - - - - - - - 91
58 Website Availability and Date of ICT Introduction - - - - - - - - - 94
59 Implications of Findings - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 94
510 Summary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 95
Chapter Six: Task Technology Fit in the Deployment of Design Technologies in
Architectural Firms
61 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 97
62 Task Significance in Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - - - - 97
63 Task Technology Fit Model - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 99
64 Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) of TTF Constructs for Design Technologies - 100
641 AutoCAD Deployment EFA - - - - - - - - - - - - 101
642 ArchiCAD Deployment EFA - - - - - - - - - - - - 102
643 Revit Architecture Deployment EFA - - - - - - - - - - 103
644 SketchUP Deployment EFA - - - - - - - - - - - - 104
65 Task-AutoCAD (TTF) Model - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 105
651 Hypothesis Test - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 108
66 ArchiCAD TTF Models - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 111
661 Hypothesis Test - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 111
67 Revit (Architecture) TTF Models - - - - - - - - - - - - - 112
671 Hypothesis Test - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 113
68 SketchUp TTF Model - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 114
681 Hypothesis Test - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 116
69 Implications of Findings - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 116
610 Summary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 118
Chapter Seven: Human Capital Availability and Capability of Architectural Firms
71 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 120
72 Number of Staff in the Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - - - 120
73 Staff with Architectural Training - - - - - - - - - - - - - 121
74 Draughtsmen in Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - - - - - 122
75 CAD Literate Personnel - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 123
76 BIM Literate Personnel - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 123
77 Staff Proficiency Levels with Design Technologies - - - - - - - - 123
771 Staff Proficiency Levels AutoCAD - - - - - - - - - - 124
772 Staff Proficiency Levels ArchiCAD - - - - - - - - - - 125
773 Staff Proficiency Levels Revit Architecture - - - - - - - - 126
774 Staff Proficiency Levels â€" SketchUp - - - - - - - - - - 127
775 Staff Levels of Proficiency in the deployment of the Internet - - - - 128
776 Staff Proficiency Levels â€" Autodesk Buzzsaw - - - - - - - - 129
777 Staff Proficiency Levels â€" Renderers - - - - - - - - - - 130
778 Staff Proficiency Levels â€" Other Software - - - - - - - - - 131
78 Outsourcing in Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - - - - - - 132
781 Adoption of Outsourcing - - - - - - - - - - - - - 133
782 Services Previously Outsourced - - - - - - - - - - - - 133
783 Services Currently Outsourced - - - - - - - - - - - - 134
784 The Future: Services Considered for Outsourcing - - - - - - - 135
790 Existence of Staff Training Programmes - - - - - - - - - - - 136
710 Training Methods Employed - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 137
711 Funding for training programmes - - - - - - - - - - - - - 138
712 Availability of CAD/BIM Proficient Staff and the Existence of
Training Programmes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 139
713 Availability of CAD/BIM Proficient Staff and CAD/BIM Staff Needed - - 141
714 Availability of CAD /BIM proficient staff and Training Methods in
Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 142
715 Implications of Findings - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 144
716 Summary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 145
Chapter Eight: Acceptance of Computer Supported Collaborative Work in
Architectural Firms in Nigeria
81 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 147
82 Adoption of CSCW in Architectural firms - - - - - - - - - - - 147
83 The Regression Analysis of the Extended TAM Model - - - - - - - 148
84 The Revised Extended TAM model - - - - - - - - - - - - - 151
85 Implications of Findings - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 152
86 Summary - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 152
Chapter Nine: Summary, Discussions and Conclusions
91 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 153
92 Overview of the Study - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 153
93 Summary of Findings - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 156
94 Discussion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 158
95 Areas of Future Study - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 163
96 Contribution to Knowledge - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 163
97 Recommendations - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 164
98 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 164
References - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 166
Appendices - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 178
LIST OF TABLES
Table 21 Report of the number of Architects, firms and firm/membership ratio - - 19
Table 22 Major Design and Collaboration technologies and their Classification - - 35
Table 41 Table showing the distribution of licensed architectural firms in the various
cities across the country (2004, 2006, 2008 and 2010) - - - - - - 63
Table 42 Table showing the distribution of licensed architectural firms in the various
cities across the country with respect to geographical grouping (2008) - - 64
Table 43 Table showing the sample of licensed architectural firms in the various
selected cities across the country - - - - - - - - - - - - 67
Table 44 Table showing the number, percentage of duly completed questionnaire and
overall response rate - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 69
Table 45 Definition of Variables - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 74
Table 51 Correlation Matrix relating Seven Characteristics of Sampled
Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 84
Table 52 Annual turnover and quality of installed systems Cross tabulation - - - 92
Table 53 Website Availability and Date of ICT Introduction Cross tabulation - - 93
Table 61 Frequency of Tasks in Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - - 99
Table 62 Variables Extracted/Factor loadings for AutoCAD dataset - - - - - 102
Table 63 Variables Extracted/Factor loadings for ArchiCAD dataset - - - - 103
Table 64 Variables Extracted/Factor loadings for Revit Architecture dataset - - 104
Table 65 Variables Extracted/Factor loadings for SketchUP dataset - - - - - 105
Table 66 Model Summary for AutoCAD TTF/TAM Test - - - - - - - 107
Table 67 Model Summary for ArchiCAD TTF/TAM Test - - - - - - - 110
Table 68 Model Summary for Revit Architecture TTF - - - - - - - - 115
Table 69 Model Summary for SketchUp TTF/TAM Test - - - - - - - 124
Table 71 Staff Mean Proficiency Levels in the Available ICT Tools - - - - - 133
Table 72 Average Percentage of firms’ staff per Proficiency Level - - - - - 149
Table 81 Model Summary for CSCW TAM Test - - - - - - - - - - 143
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 21 Operational Structure of AutoCAD Showing the Link between Graphic,
Numeric and Visual Data in the Production of a Complete CAD
Document - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29
Figure 22 Graphical Description of the relationship between the Internet, Extranet and
Intranet - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 37
Figure 23 Personnel levels, Roles and relationships within an ICT driven Firm - - 39
Figure 31 Technology Acceptance Model - - - - - - - - - - - - 55
Figure 32 Extended Technology Acceptance Model - - - - - - - - - 56
Figure 33 Task-Technology Fit Model - - - - - - - - - - - - - 57
Figure 34 Integrated TAM/TTF Model - - - - - - - - - - - - - 58
Figure 35 Integrated TAM/TTF Model for the study showing the various constructs - 59
Figure 41 Chart showing the distribution of Architectural firms in the sample - - 78
Figure 51 Architectural Firms’ Year of Establishment - - - - - - - - - 81
Figure 52 Architectural Firms’ Date of ICT Introduction - - - - - - - - 82
Figure 53 Number of Branches Operated by Architectural Firms - - - - - - 83
Figure 54 Architectural Firms’ Annual Turnover - - - - - - - - - - 83
Figure 55 Availability of Websites by Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - 85
Figure 56 Number of Available Workstations in Architectural Firms - - - - - 86
Figure 57 Architectural Firms’ Quality of Installed Systems - - - - - - - 87
Figure 58 Operating System Utilized by Architectural Firms - - - - - - - 88
Figure 59 Availability of Internet Connectivity in Architectural Firms - - - - - 88
Figure 510 Forms of Connectivity Employed by Architectural Firms - - - - - 89
Figure 511 Mode of Connectivity Deployed by Architectural Firms - - - - - - 91
Figure 512 Annual turnover and quality of installed systems - - - - - - - 93
Figure 513 Bar Chart showing Website Availability and Date of ICT Introduction - 94
Figure 61 Architectural Firms’ Percentage Usage of design software - - - - 100
Figure 71 Number of Staff in the Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - - 121
Figure 72 Number of staff with architectural training in the firms - - - - - 122
Figure 73 Staff Level of Proficiency in the deployment of AutoCAD - - - - 125
Figure 74 Staff Level of Proficiency in the deployment of ArchiCAD - - - - 126
Figure 75 Staff Level of Proficiency in the deployment of Revit Architecture - - 127
Figure 76 Staff Level of Proficiency in the deployment of SketchUP - - - - 127
Figure 77 Staff Level of Proficiency in the deployment of Autodesk Buzzsaw - - 129
Figure 78 Staff Level of Proficiency in the deployment of Renderers - - - - 130
Figure 79 Staff Level of Proficiency in the deployment of other software - - - 131
Figure 710 Percentage of firms Outsourcing Major Tasks - - - - - - - - 135
Figure 711 Existence of Training Programmes in Architectural Firms - - - - - 136
Figure 712 Method of Training Programmes in Architectural Firms - - - - - 138
Figure 713 Funding for Training Programmes - - - - - - - - - - - 139
Figure 714 Availability of CAD/BIM Proficient Staff and CAD/BIM Staff Needed - 142
Figure 81 Adoption of CSCW by Architectural Firms - - - - - - - - - 148
Figure 82 Extended Technology Acceptance Model for the Acceptance/
Adoption of CSCW in Architectural Firms in Nigeria - - - - - - 151
LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1 A rendered AutoCAD view of a proposed State Assembly Complex - - 27
Plate 2 A rendered AutoCAD view of a proposed State Assembly Complex - - 28
Plate 3 A rendered Revit Architecture model - - - - - - - - - - 33
Plate 4 An Architect designing on a desktop system in the firm’s studio - - - 109
Plate 5 Arrangement of the Workstations in the Firm’s Studio - - - - - 140
Plate 6 Accommodation for Six CAD/BIM Proficient Staff in the Firm’s Studio - 143
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