ABSTRACT
This study analyzed the spatial distribution of GSM base stations (masts) in Zaria Urban area,
Kaduna State, Nigeria. The existing base stations(masts) were identified and mapped using
World Health Organization (WHO) (2007) regulations for locating a GSM Base Stations, that
Mast should be erected ten (10) meters away from the residential areas. Spatial data of the GSM
base stations(masts), Quick bird Satellite image of urban Zaria, field survey, Geographic
Positioning System (GPS),Record from various service providers and Nigeria Communication
Commission (NCC)was used for the study. The criteria for the location and distribution of the
base station masts were also tested using the 10m buffer zone tests. The result revealed 116
GSM Base Stations in the study area, out of which only 16 masts comply with the standards of
WHO while the remaining 100 do not comply with the standard of WHO.Proximity analysis was
shown as maps within the study area.Most Service providers were found to violate the standards
and located their facilities close to where people live, The distribution of GSM Base stationsin
urban Zaria are in Random form with Rn value (0.633866) and negative z-score (-7.379585)
shows that they are in clustered form. This implies that, masts are sited randomly close to each
other when viewed against the background of the area perimeter. Finally the spatial
distribution of these facilities within the residential areas also exposed such areas to the effect of
electromagnetic radiation and fumes from the generators at the Base Stations and subsequently
leading to early grave diseases.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page - - - - - - - - - - i
Declaration - - - - - - - - - - ii
Certification - - - - - - - - - - iii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - iv
Acknowledgments - - - - - - - - - v
Abstract - - - - - - - - - - vii
Table of Contents - - - - - - - - - viii
List of Figures - - - - - - - - - - xvi
List of Tables - - - - - - - - - - xviii
List of Appendix - - - - - - - - - - xix
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study - - - - - - - 1
1.2 Statement of the Research Problem - - - - - - 5
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study - - - - - - - 9
1.4 Scope and Limitation - - - - - - - - 9
ix
1.5 Justification of the Study - - - - - - - 10
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 12
2.2 Concept of GSM - - - - - - - - 12
2.3 Origin of Telephone - - - - - - - - 12
2.4 Brief History of Nigeria's Telecommunication - - - - 14
2.5 GSM Technology - - - - - - - - 15
2.5.1 GSM Network Structure - - - - - - - 16
2.5.2 The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) - - - - - - 16
2.5.3 The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) - - - - - - 17
2.5.4 GSM Telecommunication Mast Description - - - - - 17
2.5.5 Types of Masts - - - - - - - - 17
2.5.6 Cell - - - - - - - - - 18
2.5.7.1 Types of cells - - - - - - - - - 18
2.6 Empirical Studies and Their Findings of GSM Base Station - - - 18
2.7 Impact of Base Stations on Public Health- - - - - - 22
2.8 Impact of Base Station on Aesthetics Intrusion - - - - 22
x
According to Kaduna State Urban Planning and Development Authority (2002), the
criteria for approval of mast location are: - - - - - 23
2.9 Nigeria Communication Commission (NCC)- - - - - 24
2.9.1 Standards for Base Station by Nigeria Communication Commission in collaboration
with National Environmental Standard Regulatory Enforcement Agency (NESREA)-25
2.9.2 Space Requirement - - - - - - - - 26
2.9.3 Structure - - - - - - - - - 26
2.9.4 Residential Areas - - - - - - - - 26
2.9.5 Non-Residential Areas - - - - - - - 27
2.9.6 Tower to Tower Spacing - - - - - - - 27
2.9.7 Nearness to Power-Lines - - - - - - - 27
2.9.8 Alternative Mounting Structures - - - - - - 27
2.9.9 Antenna Mounts - - - - - - - - 27
2.9.10 Terrain- - - - - - - - - - 28
2.9.11 Airports - - - - - - - - - 29
2.9.12 Co-Location - - - - - - - - - 29
2.10 World Health Organization Criteria - - - - - - 29
2.11 Quickbird Satellite Imagery - - - - - - - 30
xi
2.12 Concept of Global Positioning System (GPS) - - - - 30
2.12.1 Evolution of GPS - - - - - - - - 31
2.12.2 Basic Concept of GPS- - - - - - - - 34
2.12.3 Structure - - - - - - - - - 36
2.12.4 User Segment - - - - - - - - - 36
2.12.5 Applications - - - - - - - - - 37
2.12.6 Restrictions on Civilian Use - - - - - - - 37
2.13 Roles of Google Earth- - - - - - - - 38
2.13.1 Uses of Google Earth - - - - - - - - 40
2.14 Topological Structure - - - - - - - - 41
2.14.1 Component of Geo Spatial Object - - - - - - 41
2.14.2 Geo-Spatial Data - - - - - - - - 43
2.14.3 Digital Mapping - - - - - - - - 43
2.14.4 Digital mapping comprises three options, namely: - - - - 44
2.15 CONCEPT OF GIS - - - - - - - - 44
2.15.1 Data Input - - - - - - - - - 44
2.15.1.1 Geo-referencing: - - - - - - - - 44
xii
2.15.1.2 Registering the source materials: - - - - - - 45
2.15.1.3 Analogue data conversion: - - - - - - - 45
2.15.2 Data Storage: - - - - - - - - - 45
2.15.3 Data Manipulation: - - - - - - - - 46
2.15.3.1 Map overlay analysis: - - - - - - - 46
2.15.3.2 Cartographic functions: - - - - - - - 46
2.15.3.3 Buffering: - - - - - - - - - 47
2.15.3.4 Proximity Analysis: - - - - - - - - 47
2.15.3.5 Clip Analysis: - - - - - - - - 47
2.15.3.6 Nearest Neighbor Analysis (NNA): - - - - - 48
2.15.3.7 Address Matching: - - - - - - - - 48
2.15.3.8 Feature Measurement: - - - - - - - 48
2.15.3.9 Database Querying or Searching: - - - - - - 48
2.15.3.10 Geospatial Analysis: - - - - - - - 49
2.15.4 Data Output: - - - - - - - - - 49
CHAPTER THREE: STUDY AREA AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 52
xiii
3.2 The Study Area - - - - - - - - 52
3.2.1 Location - - - - - - - - - 52
3.2.2 Climate - - - - - - - - - 54
3.2.3 Vegetation - - - - - - - - - 54
3.2.4 Soil - - - - - - - - - - 55
3.2.5 Drainage - - - - - - - - - 55
3.2.6 Relief - - - - - - - - - 56
3.2.7 Economy - - - - - - - - - 56
3.2.8 Transportation - - - - - - - - - 57
3.3 Methodology - - - - - - - - - 57
3.3.1 Reconnaissance Survey- - - - - - - - 57
3.3.2 Types of Data Used - - - - - - - - 57
3.3.3 Sources of Data - - - - - - - - 58
3.3.4 Data processing - - - - - - - - 58
3.3.5 Methods of Data Analysis - - - - - - - 59
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 62
xiv
4.2 Identifying and Mapping the Location of GSM Base Stations - - 62
4.2.1. Spatial Distribution of Airtel Land Masts in Zaria Urban Area. - - 64
4.2.2. Spatial Distribution of MTN Land Masts in Zaria Urban Area. - - 65
4.2.3. Spatial Distribution of Starcomms Land Masts in Zaria Urban Area. - - 68
4.2.4. Spatial Distribution of Visafone Land Masts in Zaria Urban Area. - - 70
4.2.5. Spatial Distribution of Etisalat Land Masts in Zaria Urban Area. - - 72
4.2.6. Spatial Distribution of Visafone Land Masts in Zaria Urban Area. - - 74
4.2.7. Spatial Distribution of All GSM Base Stations in Zaria Urban Area. - - 75
4.3 Locational Distribution of Base Stations from Residential Areas - - 77
4.3.1. Area G gate of ABU Samaru Campus and Bomo Area. - - - 77
4.3.2. Police station, Samaru out post division; Department of Agriculture College (DAC); and
Ganga Uku Area. - - - - - - - - - 79
4.3.3. Danraka area Samaru ward, ABU Main Campus and HanyinDogo Area. - 81
4.3.4. ABU Samaru Campus and Center for Energy Research Gate.- - - 83
4.3.5. Zango and Palladan Area. - - - - - - - 85
4.3.6. Kwangila, Hanwa and Dogarawa Area. - - - - - 87
4.3.7. Chikaji Area of Sabon Gari L.G.A. - - - - - - 89
4.3.8. Sabon Gari Area. - - - - - - - - 91
4.3.9. PZ, Tudun Wada and TudunJukun Area. - - - - - 93
4.3.10. Dan Magaji and Wusasa Area. - - - - - - 95
4.3.11. Tudun Wada, Gyallesu and A.B.U Congo Campus Area. - - - 97
4.3.12. Zaria City. - - - - - - - - - 99
4.3.13. NuhuBamalli Polytechnic Zaria. - - - - - - 101
4.4 Spatial Pattern of the Location of the Base Stations - - - - 104
4.5 Areas Vulnerable to the Health Hazards Related to Electromagnetic Radiation and Health
Implications from GSM Base Stations - - - - - 105
4.5.1 Risk map of A.B.U main Campus to Hanwa G.R.A. - - - - 106
4.5.2 Risk map of Kwangila to Zaria City. - - - - - - 108
4.5.3 Risk map of Zaria City to NuhuBamalli Polytechnic Zaria. - - - 110
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 113
5.2 Summary - - - - - - - - - 113
5.3 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - 114
5.4 Recommendations - - - - - - - - 115
5.5 Contribution to Knowledge- - - - - - - - 116
References - - - - - - - - - - 116
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