CONGESTION CONTROL IN GSM NETWORK
By
Author
Presented To
Department of Computer Science
ABSTRACT
Traffic Congestion of GSM has always been a major problem and challenge in Nigeria to the service provider and the subscribers. This work deals greatly with the traffic control congestion and management in mobile wireless communications with the aim of guaranteeing customer’s satisfaction so as to provide very accurate and reliable throughput whenever wireless network is utilized. Also increase reliability and error free data transfer in mobile communication, so as to ensure concurrent access to users without any interference or congestion. The research was developed by exploring the use Etisalat and critically analyzed the call data for a period of busy hour for a week that was collected, and these data are used to describe a model to estimate the maximum number of calls a channel can handle concurrently based on the number of Etisalat’s channel. The data are used to determine the total load per call setup attempts, the effective load or successful call setup (times), the available channels or successful TCH assignments and also the blocking rate or TCH congestion ratio (%). This was done using correlated analysis hypothesis. In this work, from the result analysis obtained graphically, it was discovered that a lot of available channels are being underutilized especially in areas with low blocking ratio where the available channels exceeded the required channels for transmitting the effective load. Therefore, in reducing impulsive congestion in most of these cells, excess channels that are been underutilized should be converted to other cells that may be experiencing congestion. Thereby will help to reduce traffic congestion and save a lot of cost from been wasted on acquiring more cells or more channels for effective transmission on congested cells should be setting up. Microsoft Visual BASIC programming language was used because of its powerful features with the visual studio 2012 development environment.
Traffic Congestion of GSM has always been a major problem and challenge in Nigeria to the service provider and the subscribers. This work deals greatly with the traffic control congestion and management in mobile wireless communications with the aim of guaranteeing customer’s satisfaction so as to provide very accurate and reliable throughput whenever wireless network is utilized. Also increase reliability and error free data transfer in mobile communication, so as to ensure concurrent access to users without any interference or congestion. The research was developed by exploring the use Etisalat and critically analyzed the call data for a period of busy hour for a week that was collected, and these data are used to describe a model to estimate the maximum number of calls a channel can handle concurrently based on the number of Etisalat’s channel. The data are used to determine the total load per call setup attempts, the effective load or successful call setup (times), the available channels or successful TCH assignments and also the blocking rate or TCH congestion ratio (%). This was done using correlated analysis hypothesis. In this work, from the result analysis obtained graphically, it was discovered that a lot of available channels are being underutilized especially in areas with low blocking ratio where the available channels exceeded the required channels for transmitting the effective load. Therefore, in reducing impulsive congestion in most of these cells, excess channels that are been underutilized should be converted to other cells that may be experiencing congestion. Thereby will help to reduce traffic congestion and save a lot of cost from been wasted on acquiring more cells or more channels for effective transmission on congested cells should be setting up. Microsoft Visual BASIC programming language was used because of its powerful features with the visual studio 2012 development environment.
CHAPTER ONE
10 INTRODUCTION
The advents of wireless technology have had great impact on globalization of the Nigeria economy since its inception in 2001 But the tremendous growth in subscription have brought some challenges to the operators on how to tackle the occurring congestion in the mobile wireless communication posed in their services and have caused a lot of inconveniences to the subscribers Since its goal is to provide good quality services to the end users (subscribers) with respect to speech, effective roaming globally and lesser tariffs GSM has become more advanced and handles more subscribers than the analog systems(6) From the finding of our research, we have well over 9 million users of GSM contending for access almost at the same time in Nigeria, making the country one of the fastest growing GSM markets in Africa and the world at large(9) It is also has that the Nigeria telecommunication market is looking forward to achieve a tele density of 100% by the year 2020 which is driven by the massive telephone and mobile communication improvements thereby requesting for a great increase in the information and communication technology (ICT)
Nigeria, with the population density of over 170 million people are being serviced by five major Global System for Mobile (GSM) Telecommunication operators which are MTN, AIRTEL, GLOMOBILE, ETISALAT and MTEL But among the various operators MTN has the greatest patronage with over 572 million subscribers although the competition is getting tighter as the day goes by as operates have to compete for the same potential subscribers(1,9) Over the years after the start of the GSM era in Nigeria, the focus is now gradually shifting from providing coverage to providing quality service; and the euphoria of owning a phone set is gradually giving way to complaints of dropped calls and congestion among subscribers
Hence, congestion simply means a state of being overcrowded, overloaded or blocked that is too full of traffic This occurs when too many subscribers are contending or seeking for the use of the resources at almost at the same time which eventually will result to poor throughput, slow speed and poor network among the mobile wireless communication Congestion is when too many packets are present in or a part at the subnet which results into the degradation of performance; that is when too many traffic is offered This occurs when the incoming packets from the source node are too much for the router to handle which makes of streams of packet arriving on three or four input lines where all of them will share the same output line(6) When this happens, a queue will build up, causing congestion and finally if there is insufficient memory to hold the stream of packets, it will eventually results in the lost of some packets in the course of transmission It can also be experience in a network when so many subscribers are contending for access simultaneously making the input traffic rate to exceed the capacity of the output line; when routers have an infinite amount of memory, congestion gets worse(9) However, congestion control is the controlling of traffic entry into a telecommunications network, in order to avoid congestive collapse A system is said to be congested if it is being offered more traffic than its rated capacity due to too many active subscribers System maintenance and repair actions can lead to system congestion but whatever be the cause of the overload, it will manifest as depletion of resources that are critical to the operation of the system Also, Congestion control is differ from flow control in that a congestion is a global issue involving the behavior of all the hosts, routers, the store-and-forward processing within the routers while a flow control relates to the point-to-point traffic between a given sender and a given receiver
Traffic is the use of given resources such as radio channels that is when a user makes a phone call, the channel is seized for communication resulting into generating traffic Hence, traffic can be said to be proportional to the Average Call duration (6)
Network congestion can result when there is a rise in the transmission of a data thereby leading to a decrease in throughput Also, it can occur as a result of sending more data than the network elements can accommodate thus causing the buffers on the network elements to be filled and possibly having an overflow(12) While traffic congestion is a condition on the GSM networks which occurs as the use increases and characterized by slower speeds, long trip times and queuing This is experienced along several channels within the network architecture and occurs when the common, dedicated, traffic and pulse code modulation (PCM) channels are not available for the assignment for the incoming or outgoing service request In summary, when backbone links fails, it shows to the available links have been over utilized (12) GSM is a cellular network, also known as mobile phones connected for cells searching in the immediate vicinity and operating in four different frequencies There are five different cell sizes in a network namely macro, micro, Pico, femto and umbrella cells with their coverage area varying according to the implementation environment Macro cells are regarded as cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level while micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level and are typically used in urban centers (12) Hence, aimed to attempt to minimize and manage the effects of congestion on mobile wireless communication (GSM) by seeking to study critically the review and analyze the overview of the GSM network architecture, its mode of operations and the causes of traffic congestion which will provide an optimum preventive and control measure that will reduce the rate of congestion also improve the throughput of calls made This will enhance the quality of service provided to the subscribers
11 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The current trend on the telephone technology is the cellular telephone usually referred to as the cell phone A cellular telephone is designed to afford user a maximum degree of freedom of movement
Consequently, there is a rapid increase in the cellular telephone density Other factors are as well responsible for this growth and include reduction in service cost as well as the ever increasing range of services available through the cell phone The cellular system began in the United States of America with the release of the Advanced
Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) system in year 1983 (Lee, 2006) Asia, Latin America and Oceanic countries adopted the AMPs standard creating the largest potential market in the world for cellular (Mehrotra, 1997)
GSM communication revolution in Nigeria started in August 2001 and this brought a great change in the face of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) (Adegoke et al, 2000)
In the early 1980s, most mobile telephone system was based on electronics technology Some of the challenges facing analog systems are their inability to accommodate the growing bandwidth needs in a cost efficient manner because analog transceiver cannot handle more than one call at a point in time Also several facilities as well as services are not possible in the analog system, On the contrary, digital technology was welcomed The advantages of digital system over analog system include ease of signaling lower level of interference, integration of transmission and switching as well as increased ability to meet capacity demands Therefore the limitation of analog system become clearer as the number of subscribers increased This gave way to the digital system The GSM is more advanced than the analog system and uses digital data which accommodates more subscribers This technology increased the number of subscriber beyond expectations
The GSM mobile telephone offers high quality voice communications and low bandwidth, data connection for fax, short message services (SMS) as well as full dialup connection to the internet for e-mail and web browsing The resultant effect is felt on emergence of mobile computers, the intelligent handset, the personal digital assistants (PDA) computer or intelligent handset The need for mobile computing came as a result of the need to access information anywhere and anytime The drawback of this system is its inefficient use of the radio resources
The increasing need of mobile telephone and ancillary devices for data communication has driven the need for a fast, reliable and available infrastructure Mobile communications are now showcases a wide range of services ranging from e-payment, e-government, e-health, etc Mobile terminals are now becoming computer embedded system with stringent real time requirement for signaling and voice processing (Sconres,1997) it thus becomes imperative that numerous technical challenges bemoans its engineering and applications
12 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
Basically the aim of this project work is to design a congestion control system model for Etisalat Communication network Other objective of this research work are:
To evaluate the core research to congestion within the network coverage
Highlight all the possible means for congestion control to the network " Etisalat Nigeria
Implement a hybrid system that will manage congestion control within the Etisalat communication network
To analyze the effect of Etisalat network congestion to the growth of the communication network
13 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The research questions will be tailored towards the purpose of the study such that if they are answered, one will clearly realize why congestion control within the GSM network is necessary in the management of Etisalat network and its growth The questions are the following:
What are the current issues coursing congestion within the network communication coverage?
How effective is the model architecture on the present congestion control system?
Do you have an Etisalat SIM for communication?
If you do, how offend you use or prefer to use the network over the other network available?
Why do you use or not use the network often?
14 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
This is the tool with which to test the reliability of the subject matter comparing the two variables " congestion control (independent variable) and Congestion (dependent variable) The hypotheses are:
H0- There is a significant relationship between network congestion and the growth management of Etisalat network
H1- There is no significant relationship between network congestion and the growth management of Etisalat network
15 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will help us to know the status of Etisalat GSM network congestion control in Nigeria with a view to knowing areas to be addressed for better performance This research work will aid telecommunication companies (precisely Etisalat) in Nigeria to achieve a high performance level and optimal profit This research work is also significant in other ways like:
Use Inter-switch to put calls through to the right designation without delay, distortions or diversion
Determine the calling network and receiving network and use this information for the purpose of interconnectivity tariffs
Maintain a database of all registered GSM lines for all GSM communication companies
16 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This research covers network connectivity and traffic control of Etisalat network in Nigeria The system covers all forms of congestion within the network in forms of voice calls, data connection, SMS, Push SMS and Video calls across the network Both call identification, recording and network interconnectivity
Some of the constraints encountered during this project design include the following:
• Financial Constraints: The design was achieved but not without some financial involvements One had to pay for the computer time Also the typing and planning of the work has its own financial involvements However, to solve the problems I solicited fund from guardians and relations
• High programming Technique: The programming aspect of this project posed a lot of problematic bugs that took me some days to solve Problems such as the ADO, DAO and Jet Engine related run time errors For instance, the Ms Access office 2000 edition does not work with VB-6 Jet Engine unless converted to lower version of Ms ACCESS of office 1997 edition (ie version 20) Also other technical problem, which requires semantic and syntactic approaches where encountered as well In seeking for the solution to these problems, I acquired more knowledge from well "versed textbooks and programmes
• The epileptic nature of power supply cannot be overlooked
17 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Inter-switch: Inter-Switch Link (ISL) is a trunking method developed by Cisco to use for Ethernet and Token Ring trunk connections
Congestion: It is the overcrowding of route, leading to slow and inefficient flow In computing, it is a situation in which the amount of information to be transferred is greater than the amount that the data communication path can carry
Air interface: In a mobile phone network, the radio transmission path between the base station and the mobile terminal
Asymmetric Transmission: Data transmissions where the traffic from the network to the subscriber is at a higher rate than the traffic from the subscriber to the network
SIM: Subscriber Identity Module; A smart card containing the telephone number of the subscriber, encoded network identification details, the PIN and other user data such as the phone book A user’s SIM card can be moved from phone to phone as it contains all the key information required to activate the phone
Telecommunication: Are devices and systems that transmit electronic or optical signals across long distances Telecommunication enables people around the world to contact one another to access information instantly, and to communicate from remote areas
Computer Network: It is a system used to connect two or more computers using a communication link
18 METHODOLOGY
SSADM method was used also with the Image culture of everyday activities with use of DDCM monitoring and recording system from major books Analytical method was used in this project also, it is recommended as the best control measure for GSM congestion This research work has made it possible for some of the key performance indicators to reach a bench mark as recommended by the International Telecommunication Union
19 REFERENCES
[1] Ajala I "GIS and GSM Network Qu0ality Monitoring", A Nigerian case study MTN Nigeria Communications Limited, 2005
[2] Bartłomiej, B et-al "Performance Evaluation of Scalable Congestion Control Schemes for Elastic Traffic in Cellular Networks with Power Control", research work, INIRA,France, 2006
[3] Chen,y & Cuthbert, LG "Joint Performanceof Cell Selection /Reselection and soft handover in the Downlink direction of 3G WCDMA Systems", 4th International Conference on 3G Mobile Communication Technologies (conf publ No 494) London United Kingdom, 2003, p 227-231
[4] Fatima de Lima, P D, Antonia, AF Loureiro, Leonard B E O Claudio Marcio de Souza, V" GPRS Systems Performance Analysis, International Telecommunications Symposium (ITS)", Natal, Brazil, (2002)
[5] Gunnar, H "GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology and Implementation, Artech House mobile communication library", ISBN 0-89006-471-7, Boston, London, (1998)
[6] Kuboye, B M, Alese, BK, Fajuyibe, O & Adewale,OS "Development of models for Managing Network Congestion on Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) in Nigeria" Journal of wireless Networking and Communications, 2011, 1(1),p 8-15
[7] McLean Virginia "The Telecommunications Review", 1997
[8] Misha, A R "Advanced Cellular Network Planning & Optimisation, 2G/25G/3G…Evolution to 4G", John Wiley & Sons Limited, the Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO198SQ, England, 2004
10 INTRODUCTION
The advents of wireless technology have had great impact on globalization of the Nigeria economy since its inception in 2001 But the tremendous growth in subscription have brought some challenges to the operators on how to tackle the occurring congestion in the mobile wireless communication posed in their services and have caused a lot of inconveniences to the subscribers Since its goal is to provide good quality services to the end users (subscribers) with respect to speech, effective roaming globally and lesser tariffs GSM has become more advanced and handles more subscribers than the analog systems(6) From the finding of our research, we have well over 9 million users of GSM contending for access almost at the same time in Nigeria, making the country one of the fastest growing GSM markets in Africa and the world at large(9) It is also has that the Nigeria telecommunication market is looking forward to achieve a tele density of 100% by the year 2020 which is driven by the massive telephone and mobile communication improvements thereby requesting for a great increase in the information and communication technology (ICT)
Nigeria, with the population density of over 170 million people are being serviced by five major Global System for Mobile (GSM) Telecommunication operators which are MTN, AIRTEL, GLOMOBILE, ETISALAT and MTEL But among the various operators MTN has the greatest patronage with over 572 million subscribers although the competition is getting tighter as the day goes by as operates have to compete for the same potential subscribers(1,9) Over the years after the start of the GSM era in Nigeria, the focus is now gradually shifting from providing coverage to providing quality service; and the euphoria of owning a phone set is gradually giving way to complaints of dropped calls and congestion among subscribers
Hence, congestion simply means a state of being overcrowded, overloaded or blocked that is too full of traffic This occurs when too many subscribers are contending or seeking for the use of the resources at almost at the same time which eventually will result to poor throughput, slow speed and poor network among the mobile wireless communication Congestion is when too many packets are present in or a part at the subnet which results into the degradation of performance; that is when too many traffic is offered This occurs when the incoming packets from the source node are too much for the router to handle which makes of streams of packet arriving on three or four input lines where all of them will share the same output line(6) When this happens, a queue will build up, causing congestion and finally if there is insufficient memory to hold the stream of packets, it will eventually results in the lost of some packets in the course of transmission It can also be experience in a network when so many subscribers are contending for access simultaneously making the input traffic rate to exceed the capacity of the output line; when routers have an infinite amount of memory, congestion gets worse(9) However, congestion control is the controlling of traffic entry into a telecommunications network, in order to avoid congestive collapse A system is said to be congested if it is being offered more traffic than its rated capacity due to too many active subscribers System maintenance and repair actions can lead to system congestion but whatever be the cause of the overload, it will manifest as depletion of resources that are critical to the operation of the system Also, Congestion control is differ from flow control in that a congestion is a global issue involving the behavior of all the hosts, routers, the store-and-forward processing within the routers while a flow control relates to the point-to-point traffic between a given sender and a given receiver
Traffic is the use of given resources such as radio channels that is when a user makes a phone call, the channel is seized for communication resulting into generating traffic Hence, traffic can be said to be proportional to the Average Call duration (6)
Network congestion can result when there is a rise in the transmission of a data thereby leading to a decrease in throughput Also, it can occur as a result of sending more data than the network elements can accommodate thus causing the buffers on the network elements to be filled and possibly having an overflow(12) While traffic congestion is a condition on the GSM networks which occurs as the use increases and characterized by slower speeds, long trip times and queuing This is experienced along several channels within the network architecture and occurs when the common, dedicated, traffic and pulse code modulation (PCM) channels are not available for the assignment for the incoming or outgoing service request In summary, when backbone links fails, it shows to the available links have been over utilized (12) GSM is a cellular network, also known as mobile phones connected for cells searching in the immediate vicinity and operating in four different frequencies There are five different cell sizes in a network namely macro, micro, Pico, femto and umbrella cells with their coverage area varying according to the implementation environment Macro cells are regarded as cells where the base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof top level while micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof top level and are typically used in urban centers (12) Hence, aimed to attempt to minimize and manage the effects of congestion on mobile wireless communication (GSM) by seeking to study critically the review and analyze the overview of the GSM network architecture, its mode of operations and the causes of traffic congestion which will provide an optimum preventive and control measure that will reduce the rate of congestion also improve the throughput of calls made This will enhance the quality of service provided to the subscribers
11 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The current trend on the telephone technology is the cellular telephone usually referred to as the cell phone A cellular telephone is designed to afford user a maximum degree of freedom of movement
Consequently, there is a rapid increase in the cellular telephone density Other factors are as well responsible for this growth and include reduction in service cost as well as the ever increasing range of services available through the cell phone The cellular system began in the United States of America with the release of the Advanced
Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) system in year 1983 (Lee, 2006) Asia, Latin America and Oceanic countries adopted the AMPs standard creating the largest potential market in the world for cellular (Mehrotra, 1997)
GSM communication revolution in Nigeria started in August 2001 and this brought a great change in the face of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) (Adegoke et al, 2000)
In the early 1980s, most mobile telephone system was based on electronics technology Some of the challenges facing analog systems are their inability to accommodate the growing bandwidth needs in a cost efficient manner because analog transceiver cannot handle more than one call at a point in time Also several facilities as well as services are not possible in the analog system, On the contrary, digital technology was welcomed The advantages of digital system over analog system include ease of signaling lower level of interference, integration of transmission and switching as well as increased ability to meet capacity demands Therefore the limitation of analog system become clearer as the number of subscribers increased This gave way to the digital system The GSM is more advanced than the analog system and uses digital data which accommodates more subscribers This technology increased the number of subscriber beyond expectations
The GSM mobile telephone offers high quality voice communications and low bandwidth, data connection for fax, short message services (SMS) as well as full dialup connection to the internet for e-mail and web browsing The resultant effect is felt on emergence of mobile computers, the intelligent handset, the personal digital assistants (PDA) computer or intelligent handset The need for mobile computing came as a result of the need to access information anywhere and anytime The drawback of this system is its inefficient use of the radio resources
The increasing need of mobile telephone and ancillary devices for data communication has driven the need for a fast, reliable and available infrastructure Mobile communications are now showcases a wide range of services ranging from e-payment, e-government, e-health, etc Mobile terminals are now becoming computer embedded system with stringent real time requirement for signaling and voice processing (Sconres,1997) it thus becomes imperative that numerous technical challenges bemoans its engineering and applications
12 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
Basically the aim of this project work is to design a congestion control system model for Etisalat Communication network Other objective of this research work are:
To evaluate the core research to congestion within the network coverage
Highlight all the possible means for congestion control to the network " Etisalat Nigeria
Implement a hybrid system that will manage congestion control within the Etisalat communication network
To analyze the effect of Etisalat network congestion to the growth of the communication network
13 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The research questions will be tailored towards the purpose of the study such that if they are answered, one will clearly realize why congestion control within the GSM network is necessary in the management of Etisalat network and its growth The questions are the following:
What are the current issues coursing congestion within the network communication coverage?
How effective is the model architecture on the present congestion control system?
Do you have an Etisalat SIM for communication?
If you do, how offend you use or prefer to use the network over the other network available?
Why do you use or not use the network often?
14 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
This is the tool with which to test the reliability of the subject matter comparing the two variables " congestion control (independent variable) and Congestion (dependent variable) The hypotheses are:
H0- There is a significant relationship between network congestion and the growth management of Etisalat network
H1- There is no significant relationship between network congestion and the growth management of Etisalat network
15 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study will help us to know the status of Etisalat GSM network congestion control in Nigeria with a view to knowing areas to be addressed for better performance This research work will aid telecommunication companies (precisely Etisalat) in Nigeria to achieve a high performance level and optimal profit This research work is also significant in other ways like:
Use Inter-switch to put calls through to the right designation without delay, distortions or diversion
Determine the calling network and receiving network and use this information for the purpose of interconnectivity tariffs
Maintain a database of all registered GSM lines for all GSM communication companies
16 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
This research covers network connectivity and traffic control of Etisalat network in Nigeria The system covers all forms of congestion within the network in forms of voice calls, data connection, SMS, Push SMS and Video calls across the network Both call identification, recording and network interconnectivity
Some of the constraints encountered during this project design include the following:
• Financial Constraints: The design was achieved but not without some financial involvements One had to pay for the computer time Also the typing and planning of the work has its own financial involvements However, to solve the problems I solicited fund from guardians and relations
• High programming Technique: The programming aspect of this project posed a lot of problematic bugs that took me some days to solve Problems such as the ADO, DAO and Jet Engine related run time errors For instance, the Ms Access office 2000 edition does not work with VB-6 Jet Engine unless converted to lower version of Ms ACCESS of office 1997 edition (ie version 20) Also other technical problem, which requires semantic and syntactic approaches where encountered as well In seeking for the solution to these problems, I acquired more knowledge from well "versed textbooks and programmes
• The epileptic nature of power supply cannot be overlooked
17 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Inter-switch: Inter-Switch Link (ISL) is a trunking method developed by Cisco to use for Ethernet and Token Ring trunk connections
Congestion: It is the overcrowding of route, leading to slow and inefficient flow In computing, it is a situation in which the amount of information to be transferred is greater than the amount that the data communication path can carry
Air interface: In a mobile phone network, the radio transmission path between the base station and the mobile terminal
Asymmetric Transmission: Data transmissions where the traffic from the network to the subscriber is at a higher rate than the traffic from the subscriber to the network
SIM: Subscriber Identity Module; A smart card containing the telephone number of the subscriber, encoded network identification details, the PIN and other user data such as the phone book A user’s SIM card can be moved from phone to phone as it contains all the key information required to activate the phone
Telecommunication: Are devices and systems that transmit electronic or optical signals across long distances Telecommunication enables people around the world to contact one another to access information instantly, and to communicate from remote areas
Computer Network: It is a system used to connect two or more computers using a communication link
18 METHODOLOGY
SSADM method was used also with the Image culture of everyday activities with use of DDCM monitoring and recording system from major books Analytical method was used in this project also, it is recommended as the best control measure for GSM congestion This research work has made it possible for some of the key performance indicators to reach a bench mark as recommended by the International Telecommunication Union
19 REFERENCES
[1] Ajala I "GIS and GSM Network Qu0ality Monitoring", A Nigerian case study MTN Nigeria Communications Limited, 2005
[2] Bartłomiej, B et-al "Performance Evaluation of Scalable Congestion Control Schemes for Elastic Traffic in Cellular Networks with Power Control", research work, INIRA,France, 2006
[3] Chen,y & Cuthbert, LG "Joint Performanceof Cell Selection /Reselection and soft handover in the Downlink direction of 3G WCDMA Systems", 4th International Conference on 3G Mobile Communication Technologies (conf publ No 494) London United Kingdom, 2003, p 227-231
[4] Fatima de Lima, P D, Antonia, AF Loureiro, Leonard B E O Claudio Marcio de Souza, V" GPRS Systems Performance Analysis, International Telecommunications Symposium (ITS)", Natal, Brazil, (2002)
[5] Gunnar, H "GSM Networks: Protocols, Terminology and Implementation, Artech House mobile communication library", ISBN 0-89006-471-7, Boston, London, (1998)
[6] Kuboye, B M, Alese, BK, Fajuyibe, O & Adewale,OS "Development of models for Managing Network Congestion on Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) in Nigeria" Journal of wireless Networking and Communications, 2011, 1(1),p 8-15
[7] McLean Virginia "The Telecommunications Review", 1997
[8] Misha, A R "Advanced Cellular Network Planning & Optimisation, 2G/25G/3G…Evolution to 4G", John Wiley & Sons Limited, the Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO198SQ, England, 2004
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