CONFESSION OF ONE OF THE ACCUSED PERSON AGAINST ANOTHER PERSON IN COMMON AND ISLAMIC LAW
ABSTRACT
Under the two laws, confession is a statement by suspect in crime which is adverse to that person. It is a form of evidence that is acceptable because of its objectivities. Confessional statement is admissible in any proceedings as long as it is made to a person in authority and it is relevant to the matter in issue. Confession of an accused may be excluded if the person who made such statement was oppressed. The persons who can make confessions are the accused or co-defendant. Thus, a conviction could be based upon confessional statement of an accused.
Confession of one of the accused person against another, in common and Islamic law does not have practicable effect because confession as a principle of law is only used in the law of criminal evidence where by the statement of an accused strictly binds him alone and not his co-defendant except if the co-defendant adopt such statement that has been made by the accused, except this, the accused confessional statement cannot be used against any other person.
However, despite this similarity between the two concepts there are still areas of differences that linger on between the concepts.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CASES
TABLE OF STATUTES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
100 INTRODUCTION
110 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
120 FOCUS OF THE STUDY
130 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
140 METHODOLOGY
150 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
160 LITERATURE REVIEW
170 DEFINITION OF TERMS
180 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER TWO
THE CONCEPT OF CONFESSION IN COMMON AND ISLAMIC LAW
200 INTRODUCTION
210 DEFINITION OF CONFESSION
211 LEGAL BASIS OF CONFESSION IN ISLAMIC LAW
212 QUR’AN
213 SUNNAH
214 IJMA
220 DISTINCTION BETWEEN ADMISSION AND CONFESSION
221 NATURE OF CONFESSION
222 VOLUNTARINESS OF CONFESSION
223 PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETATION OF VOLUNTARINESS
230 TEST OF ADMISSIBILITY OF CONFESSION
231 INDUCEMENT
232 THREAT OR PROMISE
233 PERSON IN AUTHORITY
234 COMPONENTS OF CONFESSION IN ISLAMIC LAW (ARKANUL-AL-IQRAR)
235 CONDITION OF VALIDITY OF CONFESSION IN ISLAMIC LAW (SHURUT-AL-IQRAR)
2 36 INDIVISIBILITY OF CONFESSION
237 DELAY IN CONFESSION
238 QUANTUM OF CONFESSION
239 PRIOR COMPLAINT
240 CONFESSION MADE AFTER THREAT HAVE CEASED TO EXIST
241 CONFESSION MADE UNDER OF SECRECY OR OUT OF DECEPTION
250 CONFESSION IMPLICATING A CO-ACCUSED
251 TENDER OF PARDON TO AN ACCOMPLICE
260 FACT DISCOVERED IN CONSEQUENCE OF INFORMATION GIVEN BY THE ACCUSED
270 EVIDENCE IN ORDER PROCEEDING AMOUNTING TO CONFESSION
280 RETRACTION FROM CONFESSION IN ISLAMIC LAW
281 EFFECT OF CONFESSION
290 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER THREE
CONFESSION OF ONE OF THE ACCUSED PERSON AGAINST ANOTHER PERSON IN COMMON AND SHARIA LAW
300 INTRODUCTION
310 POSITION OF THE LAW ON THE CONFESSION OF THE ACCUSED AGAINST ANOTHER PERSON
311 EVIDENCE THAT IS UNLAWFULLY OBTAINED FROM THE ACCUSED
312 RIGHT OF THE ACCUSED
320 RELATIVITY OF CONFESSION IN COMMON AND SHARIA LAW
330 THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE CONCEPT OF CONFESSION IN COMMON AND ISLAMIC LAW
340 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER FOUR
APPLICABILITY OF CONFESSION OF ONE OF THE ACCUSED PERSON AGAINST ANOTHER PERSON IN COMMON AND ISLAMIC LAW
400 INTRODUCTION
410 APPLICABILITY UNDER COMMON LAW
411 THE JUDGES’ RULES
412 APPLICATION OF THE JUDGES’ RULES IN NIGERIA
420 JUDICIAL DISCRETION
430 APPLICABILITY UNDER ISLAMIC LAW
440 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
500 CONCLUSION
510 RECOMMENDATION
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