ABSTRACT
Toxins, including drugs, chemicals, endocrine disruptors, and lifestyle factors, significantly impact normal physiological functions, particularly reproductive health. Ketoconazole, an antifungal drug widely used to treat fungal infections, has been shown to inhibit testicular testosterone production and disrupt hormonal balance, potentially leading to adverse effects such as gynecomastia, impaired sperm indices, and oxidative damage to testicular tissues. These findings underscore the need to mitigate the health hazards associated with such synthetic drugs. In response, there has been increasing interest in phytochemicals derived from plants as safer alternatives. In Africa, traditional medicine plays a crucial role, with over 80% of the population relying on plant-based remedies. Among these plants, Sesamum indicum (sesame) has garnered attention for its rich phytochemical profile, including unsaturated fatty acids, phytoestrogenic lignans, and trace elements like calcium, magnesium, and zinc. Sesame seed oil, known for its antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory properties, has been a staple in traditional health practices and nutrition across various Nigerian ethnic groups. Its usage has been linked to enhanced reproductive health and fecundity in these populations.

This review highlights the potential of Sesamum indicum as a natural alternative to counteract the reproductive and systemic toxicities associated with synthetic drugs like ketoconazole. Emphasizing the integration of traditional and orthodox medicine could pave the way for safer and more effective healthcare solutions.