POLLUTION PROBLEMS AND AN ENGINEERING APPROACH TO THE MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS IN OTTA, NIGERIA

ABSTRACT
This study examined the effects of effluent discharges from various point-loads on a purposively selected receiving river, the self-recovery ability of the river and the
treatability of both the discharges and the receiving stream in a heavily industrialized
community.  The work involved field survey of industries producing and discharging effluents in the study area (Ado Odo/ Otta industrial zone of Ogun State, Nigeria); determination
of the effluents‘ physico â€" chemical, biological and microbial characteristics, and the
impact of the discharged effluents on the receiving surface water using standard methods. Primary data were also collected for analysis using structured questionnaires and oral interviews to elicit the contribution of the industries to water pollution.  To advance analytical process various scenarios of improving water quality along the river under study were examined. An array of computer based hydrogeometric and water quality models were investigated. QUAL2K was operated as a one-dimensional steady state and completely mixed system for hydrogeometric and water quality analysis on the Atuwara River. The 10.81 km long stretch from upstream at Owode â€" Ijako  to Iju Water Works was mapped with geographical positioning systems (GPS) and divided  into 7 reaches with further segmentation of 0.3 km each from where grab samples were collected routinely throughout the study period. The research analyzed the effluent discharges from all industries along the river for priority pollutants such as BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, and Heavy metals using standard methods. The effluent samples were obtained and compared with river water samples before and after receiving waste loads in the dry and wet seasons. Model result was interfaced with geographical information systems (GIS) for clear display of model outcome to demarcate polluted zones, limnographic points and wetlands of the Atuwara watershed. The worst scenario of the effluent samples were obtained for laboratory-scale treatability studies by applying electro â€" Fenton alone or with further treatment by Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC) type BBC 945 to properly remove traces of heavy metals.
The result showed that the effluents were acidic in both seasons with range between pH 5.4  -  6.7. The BOD and COD concentration were also very high especially at immediate downstream of points of discharge. The level of dissolved oxygen (DO) attained at points of discharge remain anoxic with the DO gradually increasing at short distances downstream to each discharge point but much higher where tributaries discharge into the river under study. The assimilative capacity of the river is very high because of the contribution from the tributaries. Calculated worst scenario of BOD discharge was about 12 metric tonnes per day. The heavy metals (cadmium, lead and iron) were slightly above the FEPA standard at all sections of the river. All these indicated that the river is impaired and should be declared polluted and not good for human consumption without adequate treatment.
The study showed that the Atuwara River was grossly polluted. Treatment of the worst scenario effluent collected from an industry showed that COD removal of more than 66% was achieved with electro-Fenton treatment at a molar ratio of H2O2/Fe2+ between 150-250, using 0.3M H2O2 and 0.002M Fe2+ and when further treated with the GAC 945 sample, the COD removal was 86%. To achieve river water quality specified by regulatory authorities, it is therefore
recommended that substantial load curtailment from the firms discharging the
effluents be enforced by the government through mandatory provision of in-house
adequate treatment and at regulated flow rate to meet the National standards.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION - - - - - - .  ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT  - - - - - ..  iv
DEDICATION  - - - - - - .  vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS  - - - - - - .. viii
LIST OF TABLES  - - - - - - ..  xiv
LIST OF FIGURES - - - - - -   xvi
LIST OF PLATES - - - - - - .. xviii
LIST OF ACRONYMS - - - - - - .  xix
ABSTRACT  - - - - - - -   xxii

CHAPTER ONE  - - - - - -   1
1.  INTRODUCTION - - - - - -   1
1.1  Background to the Study  - - - - - .  1
1.2  Statement of the Problem  - - - - - .  1
1.3  Aims of the Research  - - - - - ..  2
1.4  Specific Objectives of the Study  - - - -   2
1.5  Justification for the Research  - - - - .  3
1.6  Scope of the Study  - - - - - -   3
1.7  Delimitation of the Study  - - - - - .  3
1.8  Operational Definition of Terms  - - - -   4
1.9  Expected Result and Contribution to Knowledge  - - -   8
1.9.1  Expected Results  - - - - - - .  8
1.9.2  Expected Contributions to Knowledge - - - - .  8

CHAPTER TWO  - - - - - - .  10
2.  LITERATURE REVIEW - - - - - .  10
2.1  Water Quality and Pollution Problems  - - - ..  10
2.1.1  Water Quality  - - - - - - . 10
2.1.2  Pollution Problems  - - - - - - 11
2.1.3  Causes of Water Pollution  - - - - - 11
2.1.4  Sources and Effects of Water Pollution - - - - 13
2.2  Receiving Environment Characteristics  - - - - ..  14
2.2.1  Assimilative Capacity of the Receiving Water - - - 15
2.2.2  Views on Global Water Quality  - - - - . 16
2.3  Water Quality in Nigeria  - - - - -   18
2.4  Historical Development of Hydrodynamic Systems - - -   20
2.5  Historical Development of Water Quality Models  - - ..  21
2.5.1  Early Modeling Works  - - - - - . 21
2.6  Water Quality Standards  - - - - -   29
2.7  Hydrodynamics and Hydraulics  - - - - -   31
2.7.1  Hydraulic Routing Techniques  - - - - - 34
2.7.2  1-Dimensional Equation of Motion  - - - - 37
2.7.3  2-Dimensional Equations of Motion  - - - - .. 41
2.7.4  3-Dimensional Equations of Motion  - - - - .. 43
2.8  Numerical Solution Techniques  - - - - -   45
2.8.1  Finite Difference Solution Method - - - - . 46
2.8.1.1  Explicit Finite Differences  - - - - - - 47
2.8.1.2  Implicit Finite Differences  - - - - - - 48
2.8.2  Finite Element Solution Method  - - - - 49
2.9  Conceptual Framework of Water quality model  - - -   51
2.10  Review of Available, Applicable Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Models
  - - - - - - - ..  55
2.10.1  Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program  - - - - 55
2.10.2  Hydrodynamic and Water Quality Model Selection  - - - 56
2.10.3  Case Studies Utilizing DYNHYD and WASP Modeling Software  - - ..