Causes and Effects of Poor Drainage System on the Asphalt Pavement Layer: a Case Study in Agaro to Bedele Road

By

Author

Presented To

Department of Civil Engineering

ABSTRACT 
This  thesis  presents  results  of  the  poor  drainage  system;  investigate  on  Agaro  –  Bedele  paved road  in  oromia  region  and  proposed  mitigation  measures.  Mitigation  measures  were  proposed based  on  ERA  highway  drainage  manuals  2002  and  2011  for  Low  Volume  Roads.  The  drainage system  is to prevent  onsite water standing on the  surface  and  convey  the  offsite  storm runoff  from one  side  of  the  roadway  to  the  other.  An  efficient  drainage  system  is  therefore  essential  to  allow water to flow  off and away  from the  road as quickly as possible. In  Agaro  -Bedele  drainage  system  are  not  properly  functioning.  The  inadequacy  of  drainage system  during  the  rainy  season  to  pass  the  flood,  poor  quality  construction,  inappropriate  site selection and improper alignment of  some  drainage  structures with respect to the road alignment and disposal  of solid  waste into drainage structure.     The  objective  of  this  study  was  to  investigate  the  causes  and  effects  of  poor  drainage  system  on the asphalt  pavement of  road segment in Agaro  –  Bedele road.   The  primary  data  are  photographs  that  show  the  current  drainage  system  conditions,  site  visit, field  survey  and  questionnaires  that  are  gathered  from  the  engineer,  residences  and  road  users about  the  presentation  of  the  drainage  systems  during  the  rainy  season.  The  important  of secondary  data  for  this  research  are  land  cover  map,  topographical  map,  geological  map,  and published  and unpublished material.   The  design  peak  discharge  calculated  and  the  review  peak  discharge  calculated  of  the  return period  is  not  equal.  From  this  the  road  around  this  is  damaged  by  over  flooding  of  the  water  on the  road  because  the  calculated  peak  discharge  for  the  design  were  less  than  the  calculated  peak discharge  for  the  review  at  station,18+160  ,24+200  and  42+120    the  difference  between  them are:  48.03  ,  64.859  and  42.404  values.  Therefore  before  the  culverts  are  constructing  the  design and  the  review  data  must  be  checked  always  when  its  design  the  road  it  must  be  the  design  peak discharge  is  greater  than  the  review  peak  discharge  to  control  the  floods  that  over  follow  on  the road. The  drain  suffered  from  low  capacity,  soil  accumulation,  absence  of  inlets,  lack  of  proper maintenance  and  disposal  of  solid  waste  into  the  drain  and  the  crossing  culverts.  For  these problems  remedies  suggests  that  it  is  important  to  perform  operations  such  as  when  its  design and  construct  the  road  drainage  it  must  be  follow  the  drainage  design  manual.  Maintenance  and cleaning  regularly  the  drainage  structures  and  waste  solids  remove  to  prevent  these  problems.   Improvement of  drainage  facilities through maintenance  redesign and reconstruction, to improve the  role  of  poor  workmanship  in  the  construction  of  drainage  road.  The  designer  and  contractor should  follow  the  minimum  requirement  set  by  ERA  regarding  to  the  drainage  structure,  size, length  and  alignments  of  road  drainage  structure  so  as  to  prevent  the  impact  of  poor  drainage on the road pavement. Key  words:  cause  and effect; poor drainage.  Adequate  Drainage 
TABLE OF CONTENTS                                                                                                                                   Page DECLARATION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - iii 
AKNOWLEDGEMENT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - iv 
ABSTRACT  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - v 
TABLE OF CONTENTS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - LIST
LIST OF TABLES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - LIST
LIST OF FIGURES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - xi 
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - xiii CHAPTER ONE  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 INTRODUCTION …… …… - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 
11 Background  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 
12 Statement of the problems - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 
13 Research Questions - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 
14 Objectives - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 
141 General objective - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 
142 Specific objectives - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 
15 Scope and Limitation of the Study  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 
16 significance of the study - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 
CHAPTER TWO :  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 
LITERATURE REVIEW - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 
21 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6 
22 Road Surface Drainage - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 
221 Shoulders - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 
222 Cross slope  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 
223 Longitudinal drainage  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 
2 3 Subsurface drainage systems (culverts) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8 
24 Alignment of Drainage System - - - - - - - - - - -
25 Description and Function of Road Drainage System - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 
251 Description of Road Drainage Systems - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 
252 Functions of Road Drainage Systems - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 
26 Failures of Road Drainage System - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Effects
27 Effects of Poor Drainage on Roads - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - poor
28 By poor drainage effects of water on road  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 
29  Culverts - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11  
210 Components of a road and pavement drainage system  - - - - - - - - - - 13 
2101 Ditches  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Erosion
2102 Erosion Control in Ditches - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14 
211 Necessities to Construct Drainage System - - - - - - - - - - - - - 14 
212 The Criteria for Roadside Channels - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 
213 Design Flood for Road Drainage System - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 
214 Flow Velocity in Road Drainage System - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15 
CHAPTER THREE:  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16 METHODOLOGY - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16 31 Research Methodologies - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 16 
32 Selection of the Study Area  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - period
33 Study period - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18 
34 Research design  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18 
35 Study population - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18 
36 Sample size and sampling procedures  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 18 
37 Study variables  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - collection
38 Data collection process  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 
39 Data processing and analysis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 310 Ethical considerations  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 
311 Data quality assurance  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 21 
312 Limitations of the study - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 22 
313 Hydrological Analysis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 22 
314 Hydrological Equations for Determining Peak Flood - - - - - - - - - - Method
3141 Rational Method - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23 
31411 Runoff Coefficient  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25 
31412 Rainfall Intensity - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26 
31413 Time of Concentration  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26 
31414 Catchment Area - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 27 
3142 The SCS method - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 28 
31421 Catchment Area - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Rainfall-Runoff
31422 Rainfall-Runoff Equation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 28 
31423 Time of Concentration  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Curve
31424 Runoff and Curve Numbers - - - - - - - - - - - - - 32 
31425 Hydrological Soil Groups - - - - - - - - - - - - - 34 
315 Investigations of Design and Construction Practices on the study area - - - - - 34 3151 Design and Construction Practice at Station 18+160 - - - - - - - - 35 3152 Design and Construction Practice at Station 24+200 - - - - - - - - 36 3153 Design and Construction Practice at Station 42+120 - - - - - - - - 37 CHAPTER FOUR  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 39 RESULT AND DISCUSSION - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 39 41 Results from questionnaires analysis  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 39 
411  Causes and effects of poor drainage system on asphalt road that response from the Engineers - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 39 
4111  Causes of poor drainage on the flexible pavement road - - - - -
4112 The effects of poor drainage system on the road  - - - - - - - 40 4113 Appropriateness of the drainage system - - - - - - - - - 42 
4114 State of the drainage services - - - - - - - - - - - -
412 Causes and effects of poor drainage system on asphalt road that response from road users  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 43 
4121  Level of road users‟ satisfaction of the drainage system - - - - - 44 413  Causes and effects of poor drainage system on asphalt road that response from the residents  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 45 
42 Results from observation and photography - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 46 
421 Causes and effects of poor drainage system on asphalt road Surface due to poor drainage that collected from the field with the photography  - - - - - - - 47 
43 Results from Hydrological Analysis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Watershed
431 Descriptions of Watershed Area - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 51 
432 Computation of Catchment Parameters - - - - - - - - - - - 52 4321 Catchment Parameters at Station 18+160 Drainage system - - - - 5at
4322 Catchment Parameters at Station 24+200 Drainage System - - - - 58 
4323 Catchment Parameters for Design and Check at Station 42+120 - - - 58 
44 Peak Discharge Computation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -   59 
441 Peak Discharge at Station 18+160 Drainage System - - - - - - - -   59 CHAPTER FIVE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 62  CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION - - - - - - - - - - 62 51 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 62 
52 Recommendation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 63 REFERENCES - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 64 APPENDEX - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 67 
APPENDIX A: Time of Flow, Unit Peak Discharge, Velocity of flow and SCS CN Charts 67 APPENDEX B: Roughness and Runoff Coefficient Values and Parameters for the Design of Drainage Structures - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 74 APPENDIX C: Questionnaire Type - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 82  

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