INVESTIGATION ON THE USAGE OF OPTIMUM CONTENT OF GRAPHITE OXIDE FOR BITUMEN MODIFICATION
By
Author
Presented To
Department of Environmental
ABSTRACT
This research project involves the preparation of Graphite oxide (GO) and used as a bitumen modifier to understand the effects of GO on the empirical testing and morphological properties of the GO modified bitumen. Graphite Nano fiber was used in the preparation of GO by using Simplified Room Temperature Hummer's Method. There are six samples prepared in this project which are virgin bitumen, 0.1125 wt. %, 0.15 wt. %, 0.225% wt. % 0.3 wt. % and 0.4 wt. % GO modified bitumen. These six samples are analyzed by conducting Empirical Test such as Penetration Test, Softening Point Test and Ductility Test where the pure bitumen acts as reference material. On the other hand, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were conducted to know the morphological properties and spectroscopic analysis of the GO Modified Bitumen compared to the pure bitumen.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION iii
APPROVAL FOR SUBMISSION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
ABSTRACT vii
TABLE OF CONTENT viii
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS / ABBREVIATION xvi
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of Study 1
1.2 Problem Statement 4
1.3 Objective of Study 5
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1 Introduction to Bitumen 6
2.1.1 Extraction of Refined Bitumen from Crude Oil 7
2.2 Bitumen Constitution 8
2.2.1 Bitumen Composition - Saturates 9
2.2.2 Bitumen Composition - Aromatics 9
2.2.3 Bitumen Composition - Resins 10
2.2.4 Bitumen Composition - Asphaltenes 10
2.2.5 Bitumen Structure- Colloidal System 13
2.3 Graphene 15
2.3.1 Graphite Oxide 16
2.3.2 Graphite Oxide as Bitumen Modifier 17
2.4 Bitumen Modification 17
2.4.1 Polymer Modification 17
2.4.2 Acid Modification 19
2.5 Tests for Bituminous Materials 19
2.5.1 Penetration Test: ASTM D5-97 19
2.5.2 Softening Point (Ring and Ball) Test: ASTM D36-95 19
2.5.3 Ductility Test: ASTM D113-99 20
3 METHODOLOGY 21
3.1 Material 21
3.1.1 Chemical Substance 21
3.1.2 Bitumen 22
3.1.3 Graphite Nano Fiber 22
3.1.4 Equipment 22
3.2 Design of Experiment 23
3.2.1 Production of Graphite Oxide 25
3.2.2 Production of Virgin Bitumen Sample 28
3.2.3 Production of GO Modified Bitumen 30
3.3 Empirical Test 32
3.3.1 Penetration Test (ASTM D5-97) 32
3.3.2 Softening Point Test (ASTM D36-95) 33
3.3.3 Ductility Test (ASTM D113-99) 35
3.4 Morphological Test 37
3.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 37
3.4.2 Attenuated Total Reflection - 38
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
(FTIR)
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 39
4.1 Comparison of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Between Graphite Nano fiber (GNF) and Graphite Oxide (GO) 40
4.2 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 43
4.3 Empirical Test 46
4.3.1 Penetration Test 46
4.3.2 Softening Point Test 49
4.3.3 Ductility Test 52
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 54
5.1 Conclusion 54
5.2 Recommendations 55
REFERENCES 56
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