Application of GIS and Remote sensing technologies in guaranteeing tenure security for Holder farmers in south Eastern (Geopolitical zone) states of Nigeria-An overview

By

APEH M. MICHAEL

Presented To

Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics

ABSTRACT 
Agriculture globally is the hub of every economic activity which guarantees survival and well being of people through guaranteed food security and healthy living. No economy will be described as advanced, if the people are malnourished. Major agriculture activities in Nigeria include livestock production and usage, forest reserve, timber production, fisheries, etc. Before the discovering of oil and hydrocarbons in Nigeria, agricultural production accounted for a major source of foreign exchange to Nigeria.. 
In the mid-70s and early 80s, Nigeria (especially the South-Eastern part), was noted for oil palm production in commercial quantities. Malaysia, a global major palm oil producing and exporting country today, picked what formed her palm oil hybrid or specie from the South-
Eastern part of Nigeria.  Interestingly enough, the drivers of these major sources of natural income are the small holder farmers with little or no support from the government. Another major clog and set back in increased agricultural production is that they have no secured tenure neither can they strongly lay claim to any form of land title.  
The reasons for the above anomalies are not far-fetched. Firstly, the existing laws and regulations (especially the land the Act of 1978 and other regulations in Nigeria) have had adverse and unfavorable consequences on the poor farmers due its omnibus crafting and implementation.  Again, the much expected reforms which are expected to bring succor and relief to the small holder farmers are being handled at a very slow pace and again the farmers cannot reading use the ineffective title instruments as collaterals for increased funding of their agricultural investments from  the banks or other financial homes. Worst still, the exact location of, character and definition of these agricultural lands are not known or properly defined and cannot be precisely estimated. This has remained a mirage as the government, whose primary function at all levels has continued to pay lip service to the comprehensive mapping of the vast arable land in Nigeria.  
Land, particularly geographic locations and mineral deposits has historically been the cause of much conflict and dispute, land reform programs, which are designed to redistribute possession and use of geographic land, are often the cause of much controversy and conflicts over the economic rent of mineral deposits have contributed to many civil wars, particularly in Africa.  
This paper investigated the inherent advantages in the application of geospatial technology to resource inventory and landuse and landcover characterization in order to expose the latent benefits therein for security of tenure for small holder farmer aimed at realizing the MDGS 
2015 targets on poverty eradication and food security. 
TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT
CHAPTER ONE
10 INTRODUCTION 
11 THE STUDY AREA 
12 LOCATION
13 SOILS AND VEGETATION 
14 RELIEF AND DRAINAGE 
15 CLIMATE
16 THE PEOPLE AND DEMOGRAPHY 
17 RELIGION 
18 TRAVEL
19 FESTIVALS, ARTS AND CRAFTS
191 INFRASTRUCTURE & ECONOMY
192 POLICY THRUST 
193 ETHNIC COMPOSITION, LANGUAGE AND CULTURE

CHAPTER TWO
20  TENURE SECURITY,  AGRICULTURAL PROGRAMMES AND SOUTH 
EASTERN (ABIA STATE) NIGERIA ECONOMY 
21  ABIA LIBERATION FARMS
22  FADAMA AND FARMERS COOPERATIVES IN ABIA STATE 
23  ULONNA NORTH AND SOUTH FARM SETTLEMENTS 

CHAPTER THREE
30   GIS, REMOTE SENSING AND TENURE SECURITY IN NIGERIA 
31 CASE STUDY- LAND USE AND LAND COVER STUDY OF ABA USING HIGH 
RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGERIES 
32  SUMMARY OF RESULTS 
321 LULC Change Analysis of ABA between 2007 and 2012

CHAPTER FOUR
40 RECOMMENDATIONS

CHAPTER FIVE
50 CONCLUSION

REFERENCE


CHAPTER ONE
10 INTRODUCTION
Tenure security is often more important than legal classifications of land ownership Tenure security refers to the assurance aspects of property rights, or the expectation that rights will be protected or renewed It depends both upon the robustness of the rights but also upon a legal and political environment that supports property rights (Susana, 2010) So, it can be said that is the enforceable claims on land supported by national regulatory frameworks Also,
land tenure is the political, economic, social, and legal structure that determines how individuals and groups access and use land and related resources including trees, minerals, pasture, and water Land tenure rules define how rights to use, control, and transfer land and resources are allocated within societies (Gregory, 2013) Land is fundamental to the lives the rural poor people, a source of food, shelter, income and social identity Secure access to land reduces vulnerability to hunger and poverty But for many of the world's poor rural people in developing countries, access is becoming more tedious than ever (IFAD 2011)
According to IFAD report in 2011 there are about 13 billion extremely poor people in the world, struggling to survive on less than US$125 a day About 70 percent of this population lives in the rural areas of developing countries In rural societies, the poorest people often have weak or unprotected tenure rights They therefore risk losing land they depend on to more powerful neighbours, to private companies domestic or foreign and even to members of their own family For example, when irrigation is introduced into previously rain fed farmland or roads are built to link farmers to markets, the new economic potential of the land makes it more attractive and small-scale producers can lose out to more affluent or powerful settlers Celia (2003) observed that land tenure rules, norms and institutions govern access to land and it is has been considered one of the key factors that define patterns and change in land-use systems However, lack of defined land tenure systems has contributed to increased deforestation in several regions throughout the world (Alston et al, 1999) While Alston et al (1999) pointed out that lack of defined land tenure is likely to drive individuals to use land in an abusive way It also allows people to diversify their livelihoods by using their land as
collateral, or for outright sell it Tenure issues affect the everyday choices of the rural poor women and men, such as which crops to grow and whether crops are grown for subsistence or commercial purposes They influence the extent to which farmers are prepared to invest in the long-term wellbeing of their land or to adopt new technologies and innovations Measures to increase tenure security must be complemented by pro-poor policies, services and investments Policies beyond the national level are needed to address such issues as use of irrigation water, migration, pastoralism and conflicts that cut across regional and national
boundaries

11 THE STUDY AREA
Abia State is a state in south-eastern Nigeria Abia is an acronym formed from the initial letters of four groups of people, namely: Aba, Bende, Isuikwuato and Afikpo These constituted the major groups in the state at its creation At the country's independence in 1960, Abia was part of the then Eastern Region From 27th May, 1967, it became a part of the East Central State, created by the then Head of the Federal Military Government, General Yakubu Gowon On 3rd February, 1976, East Central State was split into two states (Anambra and Imo) by the Federal Military Government headed by General Murtala
Mohammed On 27th August, 1991, the Federal Military Government under General lbrahim Babangida carved out Abia State from Imo State, bringing to thirty the number of states in Nigeria
Furthermore, in October, 1996, the Federal Military Government under General Sani Abacha created six more states bringing to thirty-six the number of states in the federation During this exercise, four local government areas (LGAs) namely, Onicha, Ohaozara, Afikpo North and Afikpo South, which occupy the northeastern corner of the state, were transferred to the (newly created) Ebonyi State The state covers an area of about 5,2437 sq km which is approximately 58 per cent of the total land area of Nigeria With its capital at Umuahia, it has seventeen LGAs, namely: Aba North, Aba South, Isiala-Ngwa North, Isiala-Ngwa South, Ukwa West, Ukwa East, Obingwa, Ikwuano, Bende, Arochukwu, Ohafia, Isuikwuato, Umuahia North, Umuahia South, Ugwunagbor, Osisioma and Nnochi Despite that the capital is Umuahia; the major commercial city is Aba, formerly a British colonial government
outpost The state was created in August 27th 1991 from Imo State and predominantly by Igbo people (95% of population) Abia State is amongst the Niger Delta State of Nigeria as it is located within the Niger basin and rich in hydrocarbon deposits

12 LOCATION
Abia State is located in the Southeastern region of Nigeria, it lies within approximately latitudes 4º 40′ and 6º14′ north, and longitudes 7º10′ and 8º 00' east The state is bounded to the north by Ebonyi State; to the south and southwest with Rivers State, to the east and southeast with Cross River, Akwa lbom States respectively while to the west is Imo State, and to the northwest is Anambra State Figure 10 Abia State showing the LGAS (Source: Chigbu et al, 2015)
13 SOILS AND VEGETATION
The soils of Abia State fall within the broad group of ferrallitic soils of the coastal plain sand and escarpment Other soil types include alluvial soils found along the low terrace of the Cross River and other rivers The soils are not particularly fertile and are prone to mulching, leaching because of heavy rainfall The main ecological problems in the state are sheet and gully erosionThe vegetation in Abia State is ordinarily considered part of tropical rain forest which is the dominant natural vegetation in most parts of southern Nigeria The northern part of the State has rich Savannah vegetation of which the bamboo is a typical grass species The economic trees of the rainforest community are extremely numerous in species and varied in sizes, but the oil palm appears to be the most important The southern part of the State lies within the riverine part of Nigeria It is low-lying tropical rain forest with some oil-palm
brush

14 RELIEF AND DRAINAGE
Abia State has a variety of land forms, despite the fact that it is dominated by flat and low-
lying land, generally less than 120m above sea-level The low-lying plain is the inland extension of the coastal plain from the Bight of Benin The central part of the state is characterized by undulating land with many hills The highland areas are part of the Enugu - Nsukka - Okigwe This area has an average height of between 120m and 180m above sea-level From Okigwe (Imo State), this escarpment extends in a west-east direction and, on getting to Afikpo (Ebonyi State), veers south-eastwards to Arochukwu where it terminates
There are nine main geological formations from south to north These include:
- The Benin formation (or Coastal Plain Sand),
- The Bende-Ameki Group,
- The Nkporo Shale Group,
- The Nsukka formation (Upper Coal Measures),
- The Igali sandstone (False- bedded Sandstone),
- The Eze-Azu Shale Group and,
- The Asu River Group
Its rainfall is about 2,400 millimeters (94 in) per year especially intense between the months of April through October The rest of the State is moderately high plain and wooded savanna The most important rivers in Abia State are the Imo and Aba Rivers which flow into the Atlantic Ocean through the Niger DeltaThe principal rivers in Abia State are the Imo River and its tributary, the Aba River Imo River originates from the northwestern part of the state and flows southwest through Abia and Imo state territories towards the Atlantic Ocean, passing through the southern parts of Ukwa-West and Ukwa-East local government areas
Other important rivers include lgwu, Azurnini Blue River and Akwaibo River

15 CLIMATE
There are two seasons in the year, namely: the rainy season and the dry season The rainy season begins in March and ends in October with a break in August usually referred to as the "little dry season" The dry season which lasts for four months begins in November Heavy thunderstorms are characteristic of the onset of the rainy season The total rainfall decreases from 2200mm in the ie south to 1900mm in the north The hottest months as are January to
March when the mean temperature it is above 27ºC The relative humidity is usually high throughout the year, reaching a maximum during the rainy season when values above ninety per cent are recorded
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