ABSTRACT
This report focused on various methods used in execution of topographical survey of the new bus park area, gidan kwano campus. The practical was carried out using the basic survey principles and methods. The major field survey operation includes reconnaissance which involves field and office reconnaissance, followed by data acquisition which involves third order theodolite traversing, perimeter leveling to determine height of points, tacheometry for detailing and spot heightening and Azimuth observation to determine the swing of the traverse line. All the Data acquired from the field were deduced, computed and adjusted according to specification and results were analyzed and found to be within the expected accuracy. Finally, computed data were presented in graphical form both in digital using autocad software and the analogue and a comprehensive report on how the whole operation was carried out.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
1.2.1 AIM
1.2.2 OBJECTIVES
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PRACTICAL
1.4 STUDY AREA
1.5 PERSONNEL
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Historical Development of Surveying
2.2 Principles of Surveying
2.3 Classifications of Surveying
2.4 Topographic Surveying
2.5 Methods and Techniques of Topographic Surveying
2.6 Instruments and Tools in Topographic Surveying
2.7 Applications of Topographic Surveys
2.8 Summary
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 RECONNAISSANCE
3.1.1 OFFICE RECONNAISSANCE
3.1.2 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE
3.1.3 SELECTION OF STATIONS
3.1.4 MONUMENTATION
3.2.1 LIST OF EQUIPMENTS USED
3.2.2 TEST OF INSTRUMENTS
3.2.3 THEODOLITE TEST
3.2.4 LEVEL INSTRUMENT TEST
3.3 DATA ACQUISITION
3.3.1 CONTROL CHECKS
3.3.2 FIELD OPERATION
3.3.3 THEODOLITE TRAVERSING
3.3.4 ANGULAR OBSERVATION
3.3.5 LINEAR MEASUREMENT
3.3.6 LEVELLING
3.3.7 TACHEOMETRY
3.3.8 SPOT HEIGHTING
3.3.9 DETAILING
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 DATA PROCESSING
4.1 FIELD BOOK REDUCTION
4.1.1 TRAVERSE FIELD BOOK REDUCTION
4.1.2 HORIZONTAL ANGLE REDUCTION
4.1.3 VERTICAL ANGLE REDUCTION
4.1.4 LINEAR MEASUREMENT REDUCTION
4.2 TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
4.2.1 REDUCTION OF BEARING
4.2.2 ANGULAR MISCLOSURE
4.2.3 FORWARD BEARING
4.2.4 COMPUTATION OF CO-ORDINATES OF TRAVERSE POINTS
4.2.5 BACK COMPUTATION
4.2.6 LINEAR ACCURACY
4.2.7 AREA COMPUTATION
4.3 LEVEL COMPUTATION
4.3.1 ACCURACY OF LEVELING
4.4 TACHEOMETRIC COMPUTATIONS
4.5 PLAN PRODUCTION
4.5.1 DIGITAL PLAN PRODUCTION
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY, PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED, AND CONCLUSION
5.1 SUMMARY
5.2 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED
5.3 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Brief history of surveying – the first people that analyzed the earthware the greeks (the greek geometry) the first people that brought about boundaries.
Early civilizations assumed the earth to be flat surface, but it was deduced that the planet actually curved in all directions because the earth’s circular shadow on the moon during the lunar eclipse thus, introducing the notion of an earth disc encircled oceanus. The founder of the scientific geodesy is Eratosthenes (276-195 BC) of Alexandria who under the assumption of a spherical earth deduced from measurements a radius for the earth. Early greek thinkers developed the science geometry been the term in greek (earth measurement) showing the relationship between mathematics and survey.
Surveying is a profession with many definitions as applied to it over the years, changing even as the duties of the surveyor had been dynamic over the years. Some years back surveying was defined as the science and art of making reliable measurements of the relief position of features above, on or beneath the earth surface and plotting of these measurements to some suitable scale to form a map, plan or chart (Brinker, 1977).
Surveying is the art and science of determining a position or point in three dimensions with natural or man – made features beneath the earth surface which can be represented in analogue form as a contoured map, plan or chart.
CLASSES OF SURVEY
i. Plane survey – this is a class survey which assumes that the earth is flat and it is most commonly practiced form of surveying because it is a survey with the reference base of fieldwork and computations. Plane survey covers smaller areas of the earth surface and any survey of area less than 100km square will have negligible effect of curvature hence, the level surface can be regarded as horizontal.
ii. Geodetic survey – this is the survey of a large area of land in which corrections are made to account for the curvature of the earth. It is the most accurate of all forms of survey and its main objective is to provide accurately fixed points called controls, whose positions cannot be questioned. These points are used as reference points in lesser surveys using the most refined instruments and methods of observations are employed.
PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
I. Working from whole to part – it is the most fundamental principle of survey. This means for any particular survey operation, whether it is for an entire country or area of a small extent, it must be connected to the main frame work of higher accuracy that could be made once the work has been established.
II. Choosing the method of surveying – this is adopted in other to meet up the desired and required accuracy which the more refined technique and instrument employed, the greater the accuracy that will be obtained.
III. Provision of adequate check – it is an important aspect of surveying exercise as it will show the possibility of deflecting error and how to handle it. Therefore, survey as well involves stages such as planning data, acquisition, processing and information presentation.
Topographical surveying was the focus of this project among the other branches of Surveying. Topography means the shape or configuration of the earth’s surface.
It is subdivided into three aspects. Namely:
(i) Hypsography – i.e relief features
(ii) Hydrography – i.e the water and drainage features.
(iii) Culture – i.e the man - made features.
Topographical surveying is the branch of surveying that determines the position of natural or artificial features of a locality, both in plane and elevation to represent them by means of conventional sign on a map known as topography. A typical topographical map is useful for the planning and designing of construction project like roads, bridges, building etc. It is also essential for professionals like military personnel, miners, engineers and agricultural practitioner’s e.t.c.
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
1.2.1 AIM
The aim of the survey is borne out necessity and its aimed at carrying out the topographic survey,levelling and tacheometry of the new bus park Gidan kwano Federal University of Technology Minna
1.2.2 OBJECTIVES
The following objectives were pursued for the achievement of the aim of demarcation of the boundary of the land of this practical work:
Reconnaissance: - It involves planning and visiting the site in so as to have a general view of the project site.
Traversing: - This is a sequence of connected straight lines whose directions and distances have been precisely measured.
Perimeter Leveling: - This is the process of determining difference in height between points on the earth’s surface.
Detailing: - This is an act of fixing details such as buildings, roads, electric poles etc.
Spot heighting: - This is used to give heights, values of different points within the project site.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PRACTICAL
The project covered delineation of boundaries, perimeter traverse, perimeter leveling, detailing, spot heighting, computations and plan production as well as report writing.
1.4 STUDY AREA: new Bus Park, gidan kwano campus. Federal university of technology, minna. Niger state.
1.5 PERSONNEL
The following student who were members of Group (10) participated in this project work.
NAMES MATRIC NUMBER
1. WELL YAKUBU 2014/1/50558VL
2. EMEJE JOY 2014/1/50557VL
3. JULIUS JAMES 2014/1/50556VL
4. NJOKU DANIEL ONYX 2015/2/57558VL
5. BABLOLA JOSEPH AYODEJI 2014/1/50559VL
6. SANI IBRAHIM AHMAD 2014/1/50509VL
