THE IMPACT OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT'S ECONOMIC POLICY MEASURES ON NIGERIA’S BALANCE OF PAYMENTS

(A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED MINISTRY IN ENUGU STATE POSITION (1999–2002))

By

NWOGBUNYAMA BLESSING N

Presented To

Department of Accountancy

ABSTRACT

This topic "The Impact of the Federal Governments Economic Policy Measures on Nigeria's Balance of Payments: Position (1999 - 2002)" was aimed at studying the economy of Nigeria.

The work covered the balance of payments summary statements from 1999 - 2002 and various economic policy measures for the same period.

Analysis was made and observations recorded. Contrary to my speculations, the economy faired well in 2002 and 2001 when the balance of payments recorded favourable balances arising from oil fortunes.

However there were unfavourable balances in 1999 and 2002. Worthy of note was the significant contribution of agriculture in the 2001 balance of payment figure.

In the study, the opinion poll was that the economic problems in Nigeria were not in policy formulations but in implementation.

In the end, some doses of economic Panacea were put forward for the improvement of our economy. They include investment in non-oil sectors like agriculture and industry, security of the nation's borders to cub the excesses of smugglers, foreign exchange budgeting and management to match with the available foreign exchange, manpower development, extensive and intensive re-orientation of Nigeria, etc all aimed at adding life to the economy.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page

Approval

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of Contents

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

1.2 Statement of Problems

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1.4 Significance of the Study

1.5 Research Hypothesis

1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study

1.7 Definition of Terms

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Concept of Balance of Payment

2.2 The Importance of Balance of Payment

2.3 Causes of Disequilibrium

2.4 Measures to Corrective Imbalances

2.5 Balance of Payment and the Economic Policy Measures

2.5.1 Balance of Payment

2.5.2 Economic Policy Measures (1999 - 2002)

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Nature of Study/Research Design

3.2 Sources of Data

3.3 Population and Sampling Size

3.4 Sampling Technique

3.4.1 Sample Size

3.5 Method of Data Collection

3.6 Instrument

3.7 Instrument Validity

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Distribution and Return of Questionnaires

4.2 Test of Hypothesis

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION

AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Summary of Findings

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendation

Bibliography

Appendix A

Appendix B

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The attainment of a healthy and sustainable balance of payments position has become one of the major pre-occupations of policy makers worldwide.

This is understandable in view of the tremendous impact of development in the balance of payments on the national economy.

Generally, the outcome of the balance of the payments provides a useful guide of appraising the appropriateness of current economic policy measures designed to bring about a well under economic structures.

The economic policy measures on any nation could impact the balance of payments of that nation either positively or negatively depending on the conceptual design and implementation.

The Nigerian economy can largely be described as one with a strong petroleum industry superimposed over an under developed industrial base.

Despite a battery of measures in the form of industrial policies consisting of several incentives to promote an industrial base for self-sustaining growth, the Nigeria economy still exhibits very prominent features of under-development.

There exists a weak technological know-how poor managerial skill and above all, a reliance on a single export commodity oil, which in recent years has failed to provide the much needed capital sufficient enough for the conscious implementation of strategies for development.

In the past, Nigeria relied on the export of cash crops such as cocoa, groundnuts, palm oil, timber and some minerals such as tin, columbite and zinc for her foreign exchange earnings. For instance, between 1965 and 1968, agriculture contributed on the average 55.18% of total gross domestic product (GDP) and mining including production of crude oil contributed 4.16% but as from 1971 to date, the situation has changed significantly - mining, including crude oil has occupied the commanding heights, while the manufacturing and craft sectors remain abysmally negligible

According to Okafor (2004:16) "At the dawn of the current fourth Republic democracy, Nigeria's economy had been described by the local and international economic experts and watchers of the economy as in abysmal shambles. Virtually all the critical sectors of the economy like the energy, infrastructure, manufacturing and the financial sectors where in total paralysis"

They blamed the unimpressive showing of the economy over the years for long period of military regime of which the country's fiscal monetary and development investment policies were identified to be ill-conceived and outrightly inconsistent to the dictates of the economy. He later remarked" Besides, the economy reeled from the suffocating impact of corruption and obvious profligacy which has continued to permeate through the polity.

Long and short term economic measures adopted by a government to arrest the trend proved unworkable.

The economy as a result, continued to wobble and fumble all the way".

This structural weakness and fragile nature of the economy has led to the fluctuation in the balance of payments position.

Thus, adverse balance of payments position or disequilibrium could give rise to such economic problems like unemployment, inflation, saturation, increase rate of smuggling. Political thuggery, cultism, ritual killings and other social vices and unless this situation is arrested it may subsequently lead to national disaster.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

The major problems in the Nigeria balance of payments relate to the narrow base of exports, the widening deficits in the invisible trade account and the rapid growth of imports relative to exports.

In recognition of this ugly development, the pertinent question is whether it is the fault of the policy makers, the followers or the policy itself.

Today, while agriculture remains the mainstay of the economy, crude petroleum has become the leading foreign exchange earner, accounting for more than 90 percent of all the total foreign exchange earnings.

Again, due to the relative under-development of the economy, Nigeria spent more on services that are provided by other countries than it receives on the provision of identical services to the outside world.

This also explains why direct investment abroad by Nigeria is negligible. On the other hand, foreign direct investment in the economy is relatively substantial till the period of indigenization decree.

The major problems emanating from above are summarized below.

1. Nigeria has a very narrow export base with attendant unfavourable balance of payments.

2. The economic policy measures adopted by various governments do not seen to have positive impact on the nation's balance of payments.

3. Majority of Nigerians are suffering in the country where the government is expected to and is capable of providing minimum comforts to the citizenry if the resources are properly managed.

4. This difficult time has led to high level crimes in the society.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

In conducting this research, the author has the following objectives in mind:

1. To analyze the various economic policy measures of the Federal Government of Nigeria from 1999 - 2002.

2. To analyze the balance of payments position from 1999 - 2002 with a view to ascertaining how the policies in (1) above have impacted to them.

3. To investigate factors (if any) militating against the effective implementations of the policy measures.

4. To make recommendations.

1.4 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESIS

Based on the statement of problems as well as the purpose of the study, there is the need to formulate some hypothesis that will act as guides for this research/

The hypothesis may be true or false depending on the outcome of their empirical test.

Here, when null hypothesis (H_O) is accepted, the alternative hypothesis (H₁) is rejected. However, where null hypothesis is rejected, the alternative hypothesis is accepted.

Ho: The economic policy measures adopted by the Federal Government of Nigeria from 1999 - 2002 have not made positive impact on the country's balance of payments.

H1: The economic policy measures adopted by the Federal Government of Nigeria from 1999 - 2002 have made positive impact on the country's balance of payments.

Ho: The problem with Nigeria is not in poor economic policy formulations but in implementation.

H1: The problem with Nigeria is in poor economic policy formulations but in implementation.

Ho: The current over dependence of revenue based on proceeds from oil has no adverse effect on the nation's balance of payments status.

Hi: The current over dependence of revenue based on proceeds from oil has adverse effect on the nation's balance of payments status.

Ho: Corruption has no impact on the unfavourable balance of payments records in the country.

H1: Corruption has impact on the unfavourable balance of payments records in the country.

Ho: Investment in agriculture and other non oil sectors of the economy cannot enhance the nation's balance of payments position

H1: Investment in agriculture and other non oil sectors of the economy can enhance the nation's balance of payments position.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The importance of this research work is two faceted. To the researcher, this project has widened her academic horizon, enabling him to know the economic predicaments his country is facing with a rare privilege of making recommendations.

To Nigeria public, it is hoped that a proper use of the recommendations would help in ameliorating the payment position in the country.

This in turn would raise the per capital income and the standard of living of the citizenry. When this is achieved, the economy will boom again employment will rise, cost of living will fall crime rate will fall, inflation will fall and the country will be a nice place to stay and live in.

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

A research work of this nature would have demanded for so much time and money to be able to make a detailed investigation on the subject matter, being a national issue. The researcher is therefore, constrained to restrict his investigations to some selected departments or ministries in Enugu State and the research itself conducted within the narrow margin of between 1999 - 2002.

1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS

BALANCE OF PAYMENT: This is the difference between the money from exports and the costs of imports.

EXPORTS: This means goods and services sold to other countries.

IMPORTS: This means goods and services bought from other countries.

FOREIGN EXCHANGE: The system by which the type of money used in one country is exchanged for another country's money, making international trade easier.

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP): This is also known as the Gross National Product (GNP) and it is the total market value of all the goods and services produced by a nation during a specified period, usually one year, including profit made in foreign countries.

ADVERSE/UNFAVOURABLE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS: This arises when the value of imports exceed the value of exports.

INVISIBLE TRADE: This means the total value of services supplied to or received from foreign countries, such as banking services, rather than goods such as machine etc.

PER CAPITAL INCOME: This means the amount of money for each person or unit of population in a country during a given period of time usually one year.

STANDARD OF LIVING: This means levels of material comfort as measured by the goods, services and luxuries available to an individual, a group or a nation.