A SOCIO-LINGUISTIC STUDY OF CODE-MIXING AND CODE-SWITCHING IN NIGERIAN INSTITUTIONS

By

Author

Presented To

Department of English and Linguistics

ABSTRACT

For communication to be effective in any human society, the appropriate language must be put in to use in the appropriate context. This work examined the motivation for code-mixing and code-switching among undergraduates. The natural conversations of some undergraduates of the University of Ilorin were recorded, and analysed and it was found that code-switching is a display of bilinguals’ competence while code-mixing is a sign of vocabulary inadequacy in first language (L1). It is noteworthy however, that both code-mixing and code-switching were not only found among the Yoruba undergraduates on our campus but are equally prevalent among Hausa and Igbo undergraduates in their bid to communicate effectively with one another. Our conclusion is that bilingualism/multilingualism has taken its toll on these students who are confronted with two or more languages on their learning environment

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Introduction

1.1       Aims and objectives

1.2       Justification

1.3       Significance of the study

1.4       Scope and Delimitation

1.5       Methodology

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

2.1       Sociolinguistics

2.2       Scope of sociolinguistics

2.3       Concepts of sociolinguistics

2.3.1    Speech community

2.3.2    Language contact

2.3.3    Multilingualism/Bilingualism

2.3.3.1 Types of Multilingualism/Bilingualism

2.3.4    Effects of Bilingualism/Multilingualism

2.3.4.1 Diglossia

2.3.4.2 Code-switching

2.3.4.3 Code-mixing

2.3.4.4 Differences between code-mixing and code-switching

2.3.4.5 Reasons for code-mixing

2.3.4.6 Categorization of code-mixing

CHAPTER THREE

DATA ANALYSIS

3.0       Introduction

3.1       Data presentation and analysis

3.2       Conclusion

CHAPTER FOUR               

SUMMARY, FINDINGS, RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION

4.0       Introduction

4.1       Summary

4.2       Findings

4.3       Recommendation

4.4       Conclusion

Bibliography

 CHAPTER ONE

1.0       INTRODUCTION

One aspect of language study that attracts much attention today is sociolinguistics. It examines the use of language by considering social parameter. This field is relatively wide and it encompasses a lot of variables like the context of the situation, age, status etc. among other variables that can be found in sociolinguistics are code mixing, diglossia, Code-switching, language death etc.

Code-mixing and code-switching are important aspect of sociolinguistic given their use and status in the society. Different reasons have been advanced by various writers and scholars as to why people code-mix and code-switch. Whatever the reasons, they are to some extent reasonable. However, it obvious that they have both the negative and positive effects closely associated with them. It there becomes necessary that these concepts which are directly related to human society and our educational system be given adequate attention so that they are known and also used effectively where necessarily.

In a society where individuals speak more than one language there is usually a language that is naturally influenced by the others. Some of the effects of multilingualism are code-mixing and code-switching, bilingualism, diglossia etc when a speaker comes in contact with two or more languages he or she may start to use the languages together even though it might not be with equal proficiency. However these languages affect one another and often lead to code-mixing and code-switching.

Code-mixing and code-switching occurs when elements of two or more languages are mixed between sentences, clauses and phrases. These concepts are products of bilingualism and they are the focus of this research work. Some researches have shown that students code-mix and code-switch in order to be admitted into some social situations.

It is on this note that this research work intends to find out if undergraduates of University of Ilorin code-mix and code-switch, and also intend to find out why if they code-mix and code-switch. Thus in carrying out this research work, code-mixing and code-switching as concepts of sociolinguistics will be given attention thereby bringing it to the notice of the people who are not linguistics.

1.1       AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

This research work intends to conduct a sociolinguistic study on code-mixing and code-switching and to also carry out a practical study of how these concepts occur in the conversation of Nigerian undergraduates especially students of University of Ilorin. In this project, we will attempt to determine the motivation or causes underlying the use of code-mixing and code-switching

Moreover, this research work will examine the effects of code-mixing and code-switching on the Nigerian language and why students of the university of Ilorin code-mix and code-switch English with their various indigenous languages.

1.2       JUSTIFICATION

At the end of this work, it is expected that the long essay will come up with findings that will discourage the use of code-mixing and code-switching if their use suggest negative effect on the proficiency of the users. On the other hand, if the proficiency of the bilingual is not affected the phenomenon will be encouraged.

It is strongly believed that the findings at the need of this research will benefit bilinguals and it is also expected to contribute additional knowledge to the field of sociolinguistics. It will also be of immense benefit to students of English and linguistics.

1.3       SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The essence of this research is to identify the likely social effects on the undergraduates of the University of Ilorin if they are users of code-mixing and code-switching. The research will also investigate the extent to which the undergraduates code-mix and code-switch if at all they do.

Again the research sets out to identify factors responsible for code-mixing and code-switching among the undergraduates of University of Ilorin if at all they code-mix and code-switch. The purpose of this research is to answer the following questions:

1. Do the undergraduates of University of Ilorin code-mix and code-switch?
2. Why do they code-mix and code-switch?
3. Does the improper acquisition of language lead to code-mixing and code-switching?
4. Does code-mixing and code-switching connote low proficiency?

1.4       SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This research work is limited to the undergraduates of the University of Ilorin. University of Ilorin is a multilingual institution which comprises students from different linguistics background across the country. Most of the students are bilinguals who can speak at least one indigenous language and also English language.

For the purpose of this research work the recording of conversations among the undergraduates of University of Ilorin shall be limited to three faculties within the institution and they are:

1. Faculty of Arts
2. Faculty of Education
3. Faculty of Science

These three faculties are the largest within the University thereby having the largest population. The data to be used in this research work shall be gathered from the undergraduates in their lecture rooms, hostels, library etc. The research will highlight instances of code-mixing and code-switching in their various conversations and analyse them.

1.5       METHODOLOGY

The method to be used for data collection will be the audio recording of conversations of undergraduates of the University of Ilorin. Twenty conversations shall be recorded for the research.

Students would be unaware that their conversations are being recorded because there is the probability that once they are aware their utterance will be ingenuine and unnatural sentences